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Radiation Physics > Ionizing Radiation > Flashcards

Ionizing Radiation Flashcards

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1
Q

Radiological physics

A

The science of ionizing radiation and its interactions with matter, with special interests in the energy absorbed by matter

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2
Q

Radiation dosimetry

A

Has to do with the quantitative determination of energy

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3
Q

Energy needed to cause a valence electron to escape from an atom

A

4-25 eV

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4
Q

Types and sources of ionizing radiation

A

Gamma rays X Rays Fast electrons Heavy charged particles Neutrons

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5
Q

Gamma ray

A

Electromagnetic radiation emitted from a nucleus or an annihilation reaction between matter and antimatter (electron and positron)

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6
Q

Planks constant

A

h =6.626E-34J.s=4.136E-15keV.s

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7
Q

X-ray

A

Electromagnetic radiation emitted by electrons changing atomic levels (characteristic x Ray) or slowing down in a coulomb field (bremsstrahlung)

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8
Q

Energy range of x Ray

A

0.1-20 kv: low energy or soft x ray 20-120 kv: diagnostic x ray 120-300 kv: orthovoltage 200 kv - 1 Mv: intermediate 1 Mv and up: megavoltage

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9
Q

Fast electors and positrons

A

Photoelectrons Compton electrons Pair production electrons Megavoltage electrons β Rays Auger electrons IC electrons δ Rays

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10
Q

Photoelectrons

A

Electrons generated in a medium by photoelectric effect

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11
Q

Compton electrons

A

Electrons released in a medium by Compton effect

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12
Q

Pair production electrons

A

Electrons or positrons produced in a medium by pair production

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13
Q

Megavoltage electrons

A

Electrons produced by linear accelerator sixth kinetic energy 4 MeV to 30 MeV

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14
Q

β Rays

A

Electrons or positrons emitted from a nuclei

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15
Q

Auger electrons

A

Electrons from Auger effect

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16
Q

IC electrons

A

Electrons from internal conversion effect

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17
Q

δ Rays

A

Electrons resulted from a charged particle collision

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18
Q

Heavy charged particles

A

(Nuclei or ions) are usually obtained from acceleration by a Coulomb force field in a cyclotron or a linear accelerator

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19
Q

Types of heavy charged particles

A

Proton Deuteron Triton Helium Alpha Pions Neutrons Other

20
Q

Types of ionizing radiation

A

Direct and indirect

21
Q

Directly ionizing radiation

A

Fast charged particles which deliver their energy to matter directly through Coulomb force interactions along the particles track Single stage process The absorption of energy occurs by the ionization or excitation of atoms in the medium

22
Q

Examples of directly ionizing radiation

A

Fast electrons and positrons, pions, heavy charged particles

23
Q

Indirectly ionizing radiation

A

Uncharged particles - photons or neutrons Two step process: Transfer kinetic energy to charged particles in matter Resulting charged particles transfer energy to the medium through ionization and excitation of atoms

24
Q

Examples of indirectly ionizing radiation

A

Neutrons, bremsstrahlung photons, annihilation photons, gamma ray, characteristic x ray

25
Q

Stochastic quantity

A

Values occur randomly and cannot be predicted. A particular value is determined by a probability distribution. Defined for finite domains

26
Q

Non stochastic quantity

A

Value can be predicted by calculation

27
Q

Planar fluence

A

The number of particles crossing a fixed plane in either direction per unit area of the plane (summed by scalar addition)

28
Q

Planar flux density

A

The number of particles per unit time passing through unit area of the plane on one side minus those going the other way.

29
Q

Ionizing radiation

A

Subatomic particles or electromagnetic waves that are energetic enough to detach the electrons from atoms or molecules

30
Q

Types of errors

A

Systematic Random

31
Q

Systematic Error

A

comes from the measuring instrument affect accuracy of a measurement

32
Q

Accuracy

A

Degree of closeness of a measurement of quantity to the quantities true value

33
Q

Random errors

A

Caused by unknown and unpredictable changes of the experiment associated with precision

34
Q

Precision

A

Degree to which repeated measurements under unchanged condition show the same results

35
Q

Fluence

A
36
Q

Fluence density (fluence rate)

A
37
Q

Energy Fluence

A
38
Q

Energy Fluence Density (Energy Fluence Rate)

A
39
Q

Differential fluence density

A
40
Q

Fluence Density Formula

A
41
Q

Planar Fluence below the medium planar detector

A
42
Q

Planar Fluence below the medium Sperical Detector

A
43
Q

Gamma ray equation

A
44
Q

gamma rays vs x-rays

A

gamma rays (nuclear process)

emitted from nuclear decay

annihilation of matter and antimatter

x-rays (atomic process)

when an electron transits from higher energy level to lower energy level

electron in the nuclear field loses kinetic energy

45
Q

Radiant energy (R)

A
46
Q

isotropic field planar fluence

A
47
Q
A

Radiation Physics (8 decks)

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