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Final... Flashcards

1
Q

Exponential Attenuation

A
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2
Q

Types of Attenuation Coefficients

A
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3
Q

Energy Transferred

A
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4
Q

Net Energy Transferred

A
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5
Q

Energy Imparted

A
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6
Q

Kerma

A

Units: Gy or J/kg

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7
Q

Collision Kerma

A
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8
Q

Absorbed dose (D)

A

Units: Gy or J/kg

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9
Q

Exposure (X)

A

Units: C/kg or R

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10
Q

Dose Equivalent (H)

A

Units: Sv or rem

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11
Q

Effective Dose Equivalent

A
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12
Q

Number of Photon Interactions (n)

A
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13
Q

Mean Free Path or Relaxation Length

A
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14
Q

Buildup Factor (B)

A
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15
Q

Conditions required for Radiation Equilibrium (RE)

A
  • The atomic composition of the medium is homogeneous
  • The density of the medium is homogeneous
  • The radioactive source is uniformly distributed
  • There are no electric or magnetic fields present to perturb the charged-particle paths, except the fields associated with the randomly oriented individual atoms
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16
Q

Conditions required for Charged Particle Equilibrium (CPE)

A
  • The atomic composition of the medium is homogeneous
  • The density of the medium is homogeneous
  • There exists a uniform field of indirectly ionizing radiation (the rays must be only negligibly attenuated by passage through the medium)
  • No homogenous magnetic or electric fields are present
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17
Q

CPE

A
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18
Q

Causes for CPE failure

A
  • Inhomogeneity of atomic composition within volume V
  • Inhomogeneity of density within volume V
  • Non-uniformity of indirectly ionizing radiation within volume V
  • Presence of a non-homogenous electric or magnetic field in V
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19
Q

Transient Charged Particle Equilibrium (TCPE)

A
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20
Q

Interactions of Photons with Matter

A
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21
Q

Photoelectric

A
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22
Q

Compton

A
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23
Q

Pair and Triplet Production

A
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24
Q

Photonuclear

A
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25
Q

Flourescence yield

A

The fluorescence quantum yield gives the efficiency of the fluorescence process. It is defined as the ratio of the number of photons emitted to the number of photons absorbed.

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26
Q

Q_max equation

A

Know Derivation!

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27
Q

Q_max for different particles

A
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28
Q

Ratio of Radiative to Collisional Stopping Power

A
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29
Q

Critical Energy

A
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30
Q

Radiation Yield

A
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31
Q

Range Straggling

A

for statistical reasons, particles in the same medium have varying path lengths between the same initial and final energies.

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32
Q

CSDA Range

A
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33
Q

Assumptions made in Dose Calculation

A
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34
Q

Light Charged Particle definitions for Dose

A
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35
Q

Energy Absorbed in Thin Slab (Light Charged Particles)

A
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36
Q

Dose due to Light Charged Particles (thin slab)

A
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37
Q

Dose due to Light Charged Particles with Energy Spectrum (thin slab)

A
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38
Q

Radiation Length (thin slab)

A
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39
Q

Dose due to Heavy Charged Particles (thin slab)

A
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40
Q

Light Charged Particle in thick slab energies

A
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41
Q

Radiation Yield

A
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42
Q

Energy spent in collisions (thick slab)

A
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43
Q

Light Charged Particles in Thick Slab energies corrected

44
Q

Dose in thick foil due to light charged particle

45
Q

Energy imparted to thick foil by light charged particles

46
Q

Heavy Charged Particle Thick Slab Residual R_CSDA

47
Q

Heavy Charged Particle Energy left over thick slab

48
Q

Heavy Charged Particle Dose in Thick Foil

49
Q

Electron Backscatter

A
  • When incident to a material, electrons backscatter due to nuclear elastic interactions which reduces dose near the surface. This effect is large for materials with high Z, low T0 and thick slabs.
  • We need to correct for this in thick foils, but not in thin foils.
  • Infinitely Thickness, ∞ - the maximum thickness, that an electron can backscatter; For electrons, this thickness is half of the maximum penetrating depth, tmax/2
50
Q

Electron Energy Backscattering Coefficient

51
Q

Backscattering electron number

52
Q

Maximum Scatter angle of Bremmstrahlung

53
Q

Bremsstrahlung Production

A

Proportional to Z^2 and inversly proportional to A

54
Q

Energy Transfer Derivation

55
Q

Relativistic Case Energy Transfer

56
Q

Linear Stopping Power

A

The rate of energy loss per unit path length by a charged particle in a medium

57
Q

Mass Stopping Power

A

Dividing the Linear Stopping Power by the density of the medium

58
Q

Two Types of Stopping Powers

59
Q

Radiative Stopping Power

60
Q

Bethe Mass Collision Stopping Power Approximation

61
Q

Mean Ionization Potential of the Medium

62
Q

Relationships to Bethe Formula

63
Q

Corrections to Bethe’s Expression

64
Q

Bethe Corrected Equation

65
Q

Range vs Projected Range

66
Q

Range for Particles

67
Q

Stopping Time

68
Q

Bragg Curve

69
Q

Ionization Constant

70
Q

Dose in the gas

71
Q

Assumptions in Cavity Theory

A
  • The cavity is thin so that its presence does not perturb the charged particle field.
  • Charged particles originating in the cavity don’t contribute to the absorbed dose in the cavity.
72
Q

Bragg-Gray Cavity Theory Assumptions

A
  • The scattering properties do not change for heavy particles and electrons
  • Charged particles that enter the cavity were generated elsewhere
  • Charged particles could originate in the wall from indirectly ionizing radiation
  • Charged particles do not stop in the cavity
  • The density of gas is very low compared to the solid
73
Q

Bragg-Gray Cavity Theory can be applied for

A
  • Charged particles entering from outside the vicinity (high energy charged particles)
  • Charged particles generated inside the wall from gamma rays or neutrons
74
Q

General Equation for Dose in a medium

75
Q

Derivation of Cavity Theory Pt. 1

76
Q

Derivation of Cavity Theory Pt. 2

77
Q

Derivation of Cavity Theory Pt. 3

78
Q

Conclusions and Comments on B-G Cavity Theory

79
Q

First Corollary of B-G relation

80
Q

Second Corollary of B-G relation

81
Q

Cavity Theory Example

82
Q

Spencer Derivation Assumptions

A
  • N identical particles emitted per gram, each with kinetic energy T0
  • CPE exists at cavity
  • Bremsstrahlung radiation is neglected
83
Q

Dose and Flux in Spencer Derivation

84
Q

Spencer Derivation Pt. 1

85
Q

Spencer Derivation Pt. 2

86
Q

Spencer Derivation Pt. 3

87
Q

Spencer with Bremsstrahlung

88
Q

Averaging of Stopping Powers

89
Q

Estimating the mass collision stopping power

90
Q

Why use Spencer?

91
Q

Size Parameter Delta

92
Q

Equilibrium spectrum including delta rays

93
Q

finding R(T,T0)

94
Q

Spencer using R(T,T0)

95
Q

Contrast between Spencer and B-G

96
Q

Ultracold Neutrons

97
Q

Very Cold Neutrons

98
Q

Cold Neutrons

99
Q

Thermal Neutrons

100
Q

Epithermal Neutrons

101
Q

Fast Neutrons

102
Q

High Energy Neutrons

103
Q

Energy Transferred to a nucleus from neutron

104
Q

Energy Transferred in Neutron Units

105
Q

Neutron Energy after collision

106
Q

Neutron Spallation

A

Spallation occurs when a fast neutron n penetrates the nucleus and adds sufficient energy to the nucleus so that is disintegrates into many small residual components such as alphas and protons

Radiation Physics (8 decks)

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