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Block 2 Week 4 > Ion transport > Flashcards

Ion transport Flashcards

1
Q

(blank) only occurs from the glomerulus into the bowman’s space.

A

filtration

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2
Q

(blank) is when substance moves from tubule into peritubular capillaries

A

Reabsorption

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3
Q

(blank) is the movement of substance from the peritubular capillaries into the tubule

A

secretion

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4
Q

(blank) is the movement of substance into the urine

A

excretion

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5
Q

(blank) is the travel through the tight junctions of the cells.
(blank) is the travel through the cell

A

Paracellular

Transcellular

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6
Q

What are the three kind of active transport?

A

Primary-> carrier transport (H+ATPase)

Secondary (coupled transport)-> symport (Na+/Cl-) and antiport (Na+/H+)

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7
Q

What are the two types of passive transport?

A

Simple diffusion (Ca2+) and facilitated diffusion (urea) (uniport)

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8
Q

The (blank) provides the energy for Na to move- which allows other molecules to move with or against Na (symport/anitport)

A

Na/K ATPase

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9
Q

Movement of Na is down an (blank) gradient. Na allows for secondary transport.

A

electrical chemical

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10
Q

In the lumen of the proximal tubule Na allows for what?

A

allows for symport with glucose, AA and others out of the proximal tubule, and allows for antiport with H+ allowing hydrogen to enter the tubule
Potassium reabsorbed too
Also Water reabsorption and reabsorption of HCO3

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11
Q

In the thick ascending loop of henle what does sodium allow for?

A

reabsorption of

Na Cl, K via Symport co transporter

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12
Q

In the distal convoluted tubule what does sodium allow for?

A

Cl-, Ca, water to leave the lumen of the distal tubule and for Potassium to enter it.

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13
Q

What does sodium allow for in the collecting duct?

A

just itself to leave the collecting duct

Potassium may be reabsorbed (H, K atpase) or secreted (Na K Atpase) depending on body needs

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14
Q

Where does the majority of reabsorption of Na+ happen? Does the amount of reabsorption increase or decrease and you move down through the nephron?

A

in the proximal tubule (67%)

There is less reabsorption as you go down through the nephron

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15
Q

How does water flow throughout the nephron?

A

it follows the sodium

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16
Q

Almost all Na+ is (blank). How do you know if you are dehydrated?

A

reabsorbed!! (i.e almost none is excreted

If there is NONE at ALL sodium excreted

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17
Q

Movement of Cl- into cells is (blank) an electrochemical gradient.

A

Up

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18
Q

Movement of Na into cells is (blank) an electrochemical gradient.

A

down

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19
Q

How can Cl- get into the peritubular lumen?

A

symport with potassium

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20
Q

Does Cl- transport in or our of the collecting duct?

A

It doesnt do anything in the collecting duct

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21
Q

When does Cl leave the lumen of the nephron?

When does Cl enter the peritubular capillaries

A
  • In the proximal tubule, thick ascending loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule
  • In the proximal tubule, thick ascending loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule
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22
Q

What kind of transport do chloride ions use in the proximal tubule?

A

Passive transport (more than 50%) of the time due to Na+ and Water resorption messing with the gradient and sometimes via secondary transport

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23
Q

In the proximal tubule Na+ reabsorption increases so what happens next?

A

Water reabsorption and increased luminal Cl- Concentration and increased Urea concentrion which gives the lumen a more negative potential which allows for passive Cl- reabsorption and passive urea reabsorption

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24
Q

at one on a TF/P by %proximal tubule length graph denotes what?

A

the concentration of these substrates in the tubular fluid is the same as it is in the plasma

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25
Q

Na is a (blank) process

A

isosmotic process

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26
Q

What does the clearance rate of inulin tell you?

A

gives you the GFR

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27
Q

Explain how the TF/P by %proximal tubule length graph works.

A

as you move along the proximal tubule you are having water reabsorbed at a certain rate. Therefore if substances are getting reabsorbed at the same rate (like Na) then they be equally concentrated throughout the tube. However if substances aren’t getting reabsorbed at the same rate, then the water will leave the tube and the substance will therefore be more concentrated and as such their line will be very steep and positive. If substances are getting reabsorbed faster than water than their line will b negative

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28
Q

According to the TF/P by %proximal tubule length graph, what get reabsorbed quickly?
Slowly?
As fast as water?

A

Glucose, AA, HCO3-
PAH, Inulin, Cl-
K+, Na+

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29
Q

When you put in a certain amount of potassium you need to get out that same amount. This is called (blank)

A

potassium homeostasis

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30
Q

What potassium level do you want to maintain?

A

4.2

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31
Q

(blank) percent of total body potassium is intracellular.

A

98%

32
Q

Hyperosmolarity, exercise and cell lysis makes potassium do what?

A

leave the ICF (increases intracellular dehydration)

33
Q

Insulin, B-agonists, aldosterone, and alkalosis makes potassium do what?

A

makes potassium move into the cellular fluid

34
Q

Insulin stimulates K uptake after meal indirectly by increasing Na entry via (blank) which enhances Na/K pump. Otherwise hyperkalemia could cause neurological problems.

A

Na/H exchange

35
Q

How does alkalosis affect intracellular potassium?

A

Alkalosis- movement of H and K (reciprocal)- less H+ tend to have H+ shift out of cells and K into cells (net movement of K+ into cells during alkalosis)

36
Q

How does epinephrine increase Intracellular concentration of potassium?

A

Epinephrine stimulates K uptake by stimulating Na/K ATPase.

37
Q

How does exercise decrease intracellular potassium?

A

During exercise- you have a large amount of action potential- tend to get extra K moving out of cells- the sympathetic response and the release of epi stimulates the Na-K pump helping to put K back into cells.

38
Q

K+ moves via (blank) (passive) in the PCT (most of it does).

A

paracellular transport

39
Q

When potassium moves from the PCT transcellularly what does it utilize?

A

ATP

40
Q

When potassium moves from the PCT paracellularly, how does it move?

A

passively

41
Q

When potassium moves from the PCT transcellularly via ATP how does it get out into the peritubular fluid?

A

passively

42
Q

When potassium moves out of the peritubular lumen how does it do it?

A

via Na/K exchanger

43
Q

Potassium handling in the late distal tubule and collecting ducts includes potassium secretion by (blank).

A

principal cells

44
Q

What are the majority of the cells in the distal tubule and collecting ducts?

A

65% principal cell and 35% intercalated cells

45
Q

When Na goes into the distal tubule surrounding cells what happens to K secretions?

A

the potassium secretion increase into the peritubular fluid due to enhancement of principal secretion

46
Q

Where in the nephron do you get rid of potassium (i.e reabsorption occurs)?

A

the distal tubule and the collecting , thick ascending loop of henle, proximal convoluted tubule

47
Q

What is the normal fractional excretion of potassium?

A

10-20%

48
Q

What are 2 factors affecting potassium secretion?

A

1) intracellular potassium

2) aldosterone

49
Q

(blank) increase the conduction of Na which increaeses the secretion of K+ into the tubule

A

aldosterone

50
Q

You can think of potassim and sodium as having what kind of relationship (except in thick ascending loop of henle ?

A

an inverse one (when one comes in the other goes out)

51
Q

What is the charge in the tubular lumen?

A

negative

52
Q

Where does potassium enter the nephron?

A

DCT

53
Q

An increase in (blank) stimulates the adrenal gland to release of aldosterone- which enhances the secretion of K+ into the tubule and out into the urine

A

K+

it does this to try and rid your plasma of the excess potassium

54
Q

How many grams of KCl are excreted per day?

A

5 grams

55
Q

What is the equation for filtered load?

A

GFR X Px=mg/min

56
Q

What is the fractional excretion of K+?

A

72mEq/day

about 10% of filtered load

57
Q

(blank) are diuretic drugs that do not promote the secretion of potassium into the urine
(blank) are diuretic drugs that DO promote the secretion of potassium into the urine.

A

potassium sparing diruetics

potassium losing diruetics.

58
Q

What are the potassium losing diuretics?

A

furosemide

thiazide

59
Q

What are the potassium sparing diuretics?

A

amiloride

60
Q

(blank) acts by inhibiting NKCC2, the luminal Na-K-2Cl symporter in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle.

A

Furosemid

61
Q

(blank) inhibits the NaCl symport in the distal covoluted tubule

A

Thiazide

62
Q

(blank) inhibits Na reabsorption in the late distal convoluted tubules, connecting tubules, and collecting ducts in the kidneys.

A

amiloride

63
Q

When using furosemide what results in the urine?

A

increase flow, increased NaCl, Increase K+

64
Q

When using amiloride what results in the urine?

A

increase flow, increased NaCl, lower amount of K+

65
Q

What drug increases Na outflow and therefore increases K inflow?

A

furosemide

66
Q

What dug decreases Na outlflow and therefore decreases K in flow?

A

amiloride

67
Q

What are these:
Bartters syndrome (type I)
Gitelmans syndrome
Liddle syndrom

A

disorders of distal nephron

68
Q

What disease results due to a mutation of Na/K/Cl transporter in thick ascending limb?

A

bartters syndrome

69
Q

What disease results due to mutation of Na/Cl transporter in distal tubule?

A

Gitelmans syndrome

70
Q

What disease results due to increased number and open time of principal sodium channels?

A

Liddle’s syndrome

71
Q

Which disease results in:

Low potassium levels, alkalosis, polydipsia, poluria, normal to low blood pressure

A

bartters syndrome and Gitelman’s syndrome

72
Q

What disease results in:

Low potassium levels, alkalosis ,hypertension

A

liddles syndrome

73
Q

What drug can cause resemblance to bartters syndrome?

A

ferosimide

74
Q

What drug can cause resemblance to Gitelmans syndrome?

A

Thiazide

75
Q

What drug can cause resemblance to Liddles syndrome?

A

aldosterone

76
Q

(blank) is described when drinking lots of water

A

polydipsia

Block 2 Week 4 (7 decks)

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