Inzage vragen Flashcards
Explain difference between life course research and traditional sociological research
Life course research studies WITHIN-individual differences (your own changes over time). We look at why does one’s criminal behavior differ at different ages? Focuses on studying individuals’ pathways throughout their lives, examining how various experiences, events and decisions contribute to their involvement in criminal activities. Looks at social-historical time and places, human agency, linked lives and timing. Five paradigmatic principles in life course theory: life-span development, agency, time and place, timing and linked lives.
Traditional sociological research concentrates on broader social structures, such as institutions, communities, or demographics, to explain patterns of crime and criminal behavior. It may examine correlations BETWEEN SES, education, race, or neighborhood characteristics and crime rates without necessarily focusing on individual life trajectories.
What is the definition of self-selection and cumulative continuity and compare/contrasts in change over the life course
Self-selection: people select experiences/groups based on internal traits (i.e. similar people end up together). Karakter/traits explains behavior.
Cumulative continuity: prior criminal behavior increases likelihood of future CB (snowballeffect).
Compare/contrasts: with SS means a variation in traits is a variation in CB, there is no causal relationship its just about the traits. CC has a causal effect and changes over time.
From the article of Steffensmeier: what type is fraud and why? What does the age crime curve for fraud look like compared to another crime?
Fraud is low risk, but high profits. You need more skills for conducting fraud, so the crime curve lies later in adolescence (around 25y). Burglary peaks at an earlier age, because this is easier for youngsters in opportunities and resources; high risk and low profits. Gambling curve is constant.
What is the difference in persistance and desistance between AL and LCP
- AL: as they grow older, new opportunities and responsibilities become available. They lose interest in delinquency as they transition into adult roles. The rewarding during teenage years feels more as punishment as they perceive the risks and consequences differently. Sometimes AL do not desist because of snares (= consequences of antisocial behavior).
- LCP: there is continuity in antisocial behavior in all domains. Cumulative continuity (= early individual differences may set in motion a downhill snowball of cumulative continuities) and contemporary continuity (if LCP person continues to carry into adulthood the same underlying constellation of traits that got him into trouble as a child, e.g. poor self-control) plays a role in LCP making it difficult to desist. They also do not develop prosocial behavioral scripts.
What are two similarities and two differences of the frameworks of Moffitt dual taxonomy and S&L age informal social control
Similarities are social ties (= people who have strong social bonds with others will follow the unwritten social norms of society as opposed to those who have weak relationships) and cumulative disadvantage (= experiences in the life course can lead to cumulative disadvantage; snowball effect).
Differences are group distinction (Moffitt distinct LCP and AL and S&L don’t) individual factors determining (Moffitts theory is based on individual factors that deter if you are LCP or AL, S&L don’t make this distinction).
What are connectors?
The opposite of barriers. It makes it easier to commit crime. E.g. people don’t lock their doors, stuff in pockets, transport network.
What are barriers?
Things what make it more difficult to commit crime, e.g. CCTV, dog at home, busy road.
What are crime generators?
It’s daily. It generates crime, but its not intended to commit crime. E.g. supermarket, university shops, libraries, stealing at the zelfscan.
What are crime attractors?
Its a place where crime will take place, attract people who are more likely to commit crime. E.g. known drug area.
Explain Crime pattern theory
It emphasis on offenders routines and opportunities for crime. Offenders commit crimes where they also have their non-criminal routine activities (close to home), or close to previous home locations, close to home locations of family members, close to previous crime locations or close to attractive targets. Its about physical space: you know very little about places you’ve never been, so you target places where you have been before. Where awareness space and attractive targets overlap, that’s where the offender will commit crime.
What are two ways of theoretical frameworks in the explanation of social influence in the effect of peers
Social influence relates to peer relations/interactions that transmit delinquent norms. This includes learned norms and behavior, and pressures to conform (ridicule from peers, status, identity). They will imitate peers or get rewarded for behavior they show. Can have negative or protective effect.
Opportunity is that peer relations/interactions structure everyday activities and determine opportunities e.g. time spend outside the home (no guardianship, independent or peer delinquency). Routine activities is about RAT; motivated offender, suitable target and absence of capable guardian. Unstructured socializing creates opportunities for crime (presence of peers, absence authority figures, lack of structure).
Why is adolescent criminal behavior declining nowadays?
Because of less unstructured socializing due to phones/internet. There is a change in routine activities due to social media/internet. Less opportunity for crime, less time with peers. Unstructured socializing is if they are at home alone on the internet.
