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Criminal behaviour during the lifecourse > 4 - Criminal behavior in childhood: Family functioning and parenting (L4, Besemer, Pardini) > Flashcards

4 - Criminal behavior in childhood: Family functioning and parenting (L4, Besemer, Pardini) Flashcards

1
Q

What does the intergenerational perspective tell us? (HC)

A

To look at the generations before the children we study for criminal behavior. Researchers look at characteristics that are found for both parent and child.

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2
Q

What are the five mechanisms of intergenerational transmission? (HC)

A
  1. Exposure to criminogenic risk factors
  2. Negative environment context
  3. Social learning
  4. Genetic (sociobiological) mechanisms
  5. Official bias
  6. Assortative learning
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3
Q

Explain the mechanism ‘exposure to criminogenic risk factors’ of intergenerational transmission (HC)

A

Direct effect. Similar to static theory, it influences both parent and child.

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4
Q

Explain the mechanism ‘negative environmental context’ of intergenerational transmission (HC)

A

Mediating effect. About the parent’s themselves. Actions what they are doing in their home, influences the life of CB. E.g. use of drugs increases instability.

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5
Q

Explain the mechanism ‘social learning’ of intergenerational transmission (HC)

A

Parents as role models, there can be pro-criminal attitudes, motivations or differential reinforcement (parents reinforce bad behavior instead of good behavior). Children may imitate this behavior.

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6
Q

Explain the mechanism ‘genetic (sociobiological) mechanism’ of intergenerational transmission (HC)

A

No crime gene exists. Some suggest there are biochemicals in the brain that influence thoughts, learning, perceptions and feelings, especially in relation to environmental inputs. Serotonin and dopamine.

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7
Q

What does a low serotonin level do? And a high dopamine level? (HC)

A

Sertononie regulates mood and impulses. When low -> poor impulse control, aggression.
Dopamine connected to reward center. When high -> impulsivity and aggression.

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8
Q

Explain the mechanism ‘official bias’ of intergenerational transmission (HC)

A

Criminal families are more often under scrutiny and this increases the likelihood of arrest, prosecution etc. for the children.

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9
Q

What can be biasing variables within the official bias? (HC)

A

Parental convictions, low SES, low income, poor housing, poor employment record.

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10
Q

What is the labeling theory? (HC)

A

when the justice system unfairly labels someone as a criminal, it can actually make them behave more criminally due to the stigma and expectations associated with that label. (“im a bad kid, so i am going to behave as a bad kid”)

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11
Q

Explain the mechanism ‘assortative mating’ of intergenerational transmission (HC)

A

Likelihood of two people who look alike will form a relationship and will get married. People with criminal record are more likely to form a relationship with another criminal.

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12
Q

How do genetics and the environment work within criminology? (HC)

A

Genetic effects were moderated by environment (SES, maternal care, neighborhood, agency, timings). Environmental factors can ‘overwhelm’ genetic factors.

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13
Q

What is the developmental-ecological model? (HC)

A

Looks at characteristics of the indivdiual, family, the neighborhood and beyond.
- Family: blood relatives, step parents, adoptive parents, cohabiting parents (nuclear and extended family).
- Neighborhood has structural characteristics and resources (e.g. poverty, investment, population heterogeneity, crime) and social processes (social support, networks, peers)

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14
Q

What states the aggression regression? (HC)

A

Most children between ages 2 and 11 become less aggressive, but a minority maintain a high level of aggression throughout childhood.

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15
Q

Where do static theories focus on within family functioning? (HC)

A

Development of personality traits, disposition.

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16
Q

Where do dynamic theories focus on within family functioning? (HC)

A

Strength/change in family bonds and informal control.

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17
Q

Where do typological theories focus on within family functioning? (HC)

A

Genes, parenting practices, and family environment

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18
Q

By what ways can family influence criminality? (HC)

A
  • Family structure: single parent households, large families, SES, cohesion
  • Characteristics of parents: maternal depression, conflict, drug use
  • Parenting practices: what are the parents doing when interacting with their child?
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19
Q

What kind of punishment is associated with wide range of negative outcomes? (HC)

A

Corporal punishment.

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20
Q

What program has evidence for family functioning and parenting with CB? (HC)

A
  • Triple P (Positive Parenting Programme): Wilson found maternal reported child outcomes to have positive effects, but not other informants.
  • Parenting practices: eg positive learning environment, safe environment, problem solving, parent self efficacy, discipline
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21
Q

What does intergenerational transmission signifies? (Besemer)

A

Signifiies that some characteristics or behavior is seen in both the parent and the child.

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22
Q

What is domestic violence and why is it related to CB? (Besemer)

A

Can include intimate partner violence and child maltreatment. This is an important risk factor for childrens health and behavior problems.

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23
Q

Which five theories explain intergenerational transmission? (Besemer)

A
  1. Social learning theory
  2. Criminogenic environment
  3. Criminal justice system
  4. Labeling theory
  5. Genetically mediated pathways
24
Q

What is the differential association theory of Farrington? (Besemer)

A

Hypothesizes that people learn behavior through interaction with other people such as their parents. Children then develop similar attitudes to those of their parents. They will commit delinquent acts when he/she has learned more motivations to break, rather than to follow, the law.

25
Q

What are criminogenic environment factors? (Besemer)

A

Those can be mediating variables, e.g. parental CB may be involved in a cascade of additional risk factors (poverty, unsafe neighborhoods, deficient parenting practices).

26
Q

What does the theory about criminal justice system say about intergenerational transmission? (Besemer)

A

Its a contextual factor wich includes justice systems (law enforcement and courts), whose might be biased against known criminal families.

27
Q

What are examples of genetically mediated pathways to explain CB? (Besemer)

A

High testosterone levels and lower resting heart rates.

28
Q

Vul aan (Besemer). People who are involved in delinquent behavior during adolescence face…

A

more problems making succesful transitions into adult roles.

29
Q

What happens if delinquent people have more difficulties to make a successful transition into adult roles? (Besemer)

A

This will affect their childrens development. There is a direct effect of antisocial behavior from one generation to the next (genetic and social learning influences).

30
Q

Why do people involved in CB have more difficulties in childrearing? (Besemer)

A

They are more likely to have children at a younger age, experience structural adversity, continue to engage in antisocial behavior as a parent, have increased substance use, experience more stress and have weaker prosocial bonds in adulthood.

31
Q

Where does educational disinvestment leads to? (Besemer)

A

Dropping out of school, teenage parenthood, unemployment, marriage and parenting problems.

32
Q

There will educational investment will lead to? (Besemer)

A

Intergenerational conformity (opposite of CB).

33
Q

What are important moderating variables in the article of Besemer?

A
  1. Parental gender - men and women typically dont engage in CB the same manner or degree.
  2. Offspring gender - react different to stressful life events.
  3. Offspring age - e.g. younger children less aware, but also less coping strategies.
  4. Wider social context - geographical location and time period in which children are exposed to parental CB.
34
Q

Where does penal populism leads to? (Besemer)

A

in societies where punishment for crimes is harsh and there is a strong stigma against offenders, criminal behavior is more likely to be passed down from one generation to the next. This suggests that a strict punishment approach and social stigma can lead to a cycle of criminal behavior within families over generations.

35
Q

What was found in the study of Besemer about specific parent-child gender combinations?

A

Strongest was for mother to daughters, then mothers to sons and father to daughters and lowest from fathers to sons.

36
Q

Why is transmission stronger from mothers compared to fathers? (Besemer)

A

Possible:
- With criminal mothers, there might be stigma, its rarer for women to be convicted
- Mothers are main caretakers, incarceration would me more disruptive on children in homesituation.

37
Q

In which age is intergererational transmission the strongest according to Besemer?

A

Late-adolescence or young adult. Significantly weaker for offspring. Explanations:
- Impact of parental crime on offspring CB might wear off as offspring enter middle age
- Impact of parental crime might decrease as more time passes since the parental offending occurred

38
Q

What has been consistently associated with a variety of maladaptive outcomes in childern? (Pardini)

A

Early motherhood. Including increased rates of conduct problems, dlinquency and violence.

39
Q

What does evidence suggests about early motherhood? (Pardini)

A
  • Mothers who had their first child at young age tend to be at increased risk for later problem and delinquent behaviors
  • Ineffective parenting, low maternal education and maternal drugs use may account for link between early age at childbirth and delinquency
  • Mothers history of antisocial behavior and her involvement with antisocial partners can explain relation between early motherhood and delinquency
40
Q

Why is family size an important factor in relation between family structure and delinquency? (Pardini)

A
  • Overcrowded/large number families increases risk for later delinquency (can be mediating: faster frustrations).
  • Tend to model siblings and reinforce engagement.
  • Parents cant control all their children at the same time.
41
Q

Why are single-parent households and caretaker transitions important predictors for childrens CB? (Pardini)

A
  • Multiple caretaker changes provide adjustment problems
  • Instability in caretaking environment may due to disruptions in parent-child relationship, increased exposure partner conflict and emotional distress caused by moving houses/schools
    However, impact may vary across development
42
Q

How is Family socioeconomic status linked to conduct problems and delinquency? (Pardini)

A

Lower SES is linked to CB.
- Children display more problems in years when family income is lower than usually.
- Children raised in lower SES families are exposed to risk factors (low maternal warmth, family life stressors, peer group instability etc.)

42
Q

In what way is maternal depressions and stress an important factor what can lead to increased levels of CB? (Pardini)

A
  • Strongly associated with development of conduct problems in childhood; more intense parent-child contact
  • During adolescence it can be more strongly related to development CB in girls
    However, unclear if AB is caused because of increased levels of paren-child conflit, hostile parenting, material conflict in the home
42
Q

How has familial criminal and antisocial behavior influence on children delinquent behavior? (Pardini)

A
  • Children raised by criminal parents are more likely to exhibit serious delinquent behavior
  • Delinquent siblings can be risk factor, especially when older and same sex
  • Maternal antisocial behavior linked to serious conducted problems
  • Incarceration of parents have impact: youth tend to escalate their CB in year following parental incarceration
    However, stays unclear in which familial transmission of CB is mediated by factors eg modeling, reinforcement etc
42
Q

How does paternal substance abuse/dependence influence delinquent behavior? (Pardini)

A

Family history of substance use disorder is associated with development of early onset and persistent delinquent behavior and substanc euse problems.
- Genetic risk
- Children raised by alcohoholic parentc are exposed to different factors (e.g. physical abuse and neglect, family conflict/violence)
However, high levels of parental monitoring and consistent discipline may help protect children.

43
Q

Where is a lack of family cohesion connected to? (Pardini)

A

Means where family member not emotionally connected. Leads to childhood conduct problems and aggression. Strong family cohesion helpt prevent delinquent behavior by reinforcing the childs commitment to prosocial norms and family values.

44
Q

How does parenting practices have an impact on child conduct problems and adolescent delinquency? (Pardini)

A
  • Understanding this is crucial for theory driven prevention and intervention efforts, incl parent-traning programs
  • Theoretical models explain how harmful parenting practices can contribute to early and persistent development of delinquency
45
Q

What do parenting and developmental models of antisocial behavior underscore? (Pardini)

A

The critical role of parenting and family dynamics in the development of antisocial behavior in children and adolescents.

46
Q

What are three parenting and developmental models of antisocial behavior? (Pardini)

A
  1. Patterson’s Coercion theory - coercive parent-child interactions, defiant temperament provoke harsh parenting, negative parent-child interaction persist, reinforcing antisocial patterns
  2. Moffitts developmental taxonomy model - childhood onset and adolescent onset delinquency.
  3. Social control and social developmental models - children learn through environment, stress is important family factor in shaping prosocial/antisocial behavior
47
Q

Where is childhood onset delinquency linked to? (Moffitt; Pardini)

A

Neurological deficits and harsh parenting impending social skill development.

48
Q

Where is adolescent onset delinquency linked to? (Moffitt; Pardini)

A

Poor parental monitoring, associating with delinquent peers, and reinforcement of deviant behaviors

49
Q

What are key parenting characteristics associated with delinquency? (Pardini)

A
  1. Parental attachment and bonding
  2. Parental warmth and positive reinforcement
  3. Harsh and rejecting parenting
  4. Inconsistent, lax and timid discipline
  5. Parental control, supervision and monitoring
50
Q

Within parental warmth and positive reinforcement, what is crucial in understanding delinquency? (Pardini)

A

Lack of warmth in parent-child relation, especially with children callous-unemotional traits.

51
Q

What does callous-unemotional traits mean?

A

a lack of empathy, a disregard for others’ feelings and shallow or deficient affect, such as a lack of remorse or guilt.

52
Q

How is harsh and rejecting parenting connected with delinquency? (Pardini)

A
  • Negative, punitive responses and high critismsm strongly predict delinquency
  • Harsh parenting mayaffect behavioral adjustment in middle childhood than adolescence
  • Studies on physical punishment’s impact vary
  • Genetic factors might influence how harsh parenting contributes to delinquency
53
Q

How is inconsistent, lax and timid discipline connected with delinquency? (Pardini)

A
  • Inconsistend discipline increases conduct problems, children without consistent consequences lack motivation to stop rule-breaking
  • Parents might avoid discipline due fear of reaction
  • Inconsistent discipline fosters attitudes favoring delinquency
54
Q

How do parental control, supersivion and monitoring influence delinquency? (Pardini)

A
  • Early childhood: effective control and involvement linked to less behavior problems
  • Adolescence: parental monitoring important
  • Soliciting information and adolescent disclosure affect delinquency
  • Effective parental control can reduce delinquency

Criminal behaviour during the lifecourse (11 decks)

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