Involuntary movements/Gaits Flashcards
define involuntary movement
movement that patient cannot start or stop on doctor’s command
what’s involuntary movement commonly caused by?
structural or biomechanical nervous system lesion
physiological tremor
shaking in the fingers due to agonists and antagonists acions
myoclonic jerks
startle reactions and are usually normal occurances
where do myoclonic jerks occur?
whole body or just a large muscle group (jerk between waking and sleeping)
if myoclonic jerks occur regularly, what can it be considered?
seizure disorder
benign fasciculations
twitches within muscles often after exercise, nonpathological
hypokinesia
decreased movement, seen in depression and Parkinson’s
hyperkinesia
increased movement, exacerbated by emotional stress and decreased with response
emotional tremor
rapid tremor, low amplitude that worsens with volitional movement
familial tremor
hereditary tremor usually affects hands
senile tremor
associated with aging
Parkinsonian tremor
“pill rolling”
disappears with volitional movement
what part of the brain has problems with parkinson’s?
basal ganglion
intention tremor
tremor that worsens with refined volitional movement
what part of the brain has problems with intention tremor?
cerebellu
non-tremorous hyperkinesia or chorea
random, quick movements that represent normal movements
athelosis
slow, writhing movements of fingers, extremities
it comes and goes
what part of the brain is affected with athelosis?
pyramidal tracts
dystonia
slow alternating contraction and relaxation of agonist and antagonists
one longer than the other, fixed joint contracture
hemibalismus
violent fling of half the body
tics
quick repetitive movememnts of face, tongue or extremities, associated with emotional stress
akathisia
motor unrest manifested as continual shifting of posture or movement
what people have a akathisia tremor?
parkinsons and psychotropic medication use
epilepsy
tonic or clonic spasms of all or part of the body
tardive dyskinesia
involuntary movement of face, mough, tongue and limbs
happens after neuroleptic agents
tabetic/ataxic gait occurs from what?
posterior column disease
loss of proprioceptive sense of the extremities
describe the tabetic/ataxic gait
wide base, slapping feet, watching legs
worse in the dark or with eyes closed
clumsiness or uncertainty
uneven steps, tottering and swaying, deviation to one side or the other
describe hemiplegic gait
affected leg is rigid and is swung from hip in semicricle, leans to affected side
arm on that side is rigid, semiflexed
toes are forced down, abduction and circumduction of the limb are necessary to move it forward
scissors gait is characteristic of what?
spastic paraplegia
describe scissors gait
legs abducted, cross alternately in front of one another, knees scraping together
short, slow progression, spastic limbs
limbs in stiff jerky manner, accompanied by pronounced compensatory motions of the trunk and upper extremity
what does a drunken/staggering gait result from?
acute alcoholism, drug poisoning, multiple neuritis, brain tumors, MS or general paresis
what does a waddling/clumsy gait result from?
dislocated hips or muscular dystrophy
describe waddling/clumsy gait
trunk muscles work to help walk, resulting in waddling
weakness of these muscles results in pelvic tilt
early steppage gait
drag toe, L5 NR, L4 disc
late steppage giat
high stepping horse/high knee, flopping foot
paralysis of anterior tibial muscles
L5 NR, L4 disc
what can cause a steppage gait?
alcoholic neuritis, peroneal nerve injury, poliomyelitis, progressive muscular dystrophy
cerebellar/ataxic gait
marked irregularity and unsteadiness associated with vertigo and tend to reel to one side
legs appear loose
slowly, limb unexpectely errradically and vigorously flung forward and lands with a slap on the floor
wide base, irregular, reeling or deviated, staggering on turning
propulsion/festenation
“paralysis agitans”
forward-leaning and short, shuffling steps, slowly then faster
what patients have a propulsion/festenation gait?
parkinson’s patients
limping giat
affected extremity goes down carefully and takes a short step to keep wieght off ob bad limb
good limb works quickly and lands vigerously on floor
what can limping gait result from?
pain, short leg, deformity of foot
hysterical gait
stimulates paresis
only used in emergencies
giat is bizarre or fantastic, exaggerated motions
lurching, wildly waving, irregular bobbing movements, or exaggerated, slow, hesitant, slow motion action
astasia-abasia
hysterical, bizarre uncoordination, unable to stand or walk
all movement is fine laying in bed
