Intruduction To Glomerular Diseases Flashcards
Position of kidney ………
The kidneys lie in the retroperitoneal space slightly above the level of the umbilicus
Size and length of kidney ……?
They range in length and weight, respectively, from approximately 6 cm and 24 g in a full-term newborn to ≥ 12 cm and 150 g in an adult
What is juxtaglomerular apparatus and it’s function…?
Specialized muscle cells in the wall of the afferent arteriole and specialized distal tubular cells adjacent to the glomerulus (macula densa)
controls the secretion of renin
Total number of nephrons in each kidney….?
Each kidney contains approximately 1 million nephrons
Ranging from 200,000 to 1.8 million nephrons per kidney
The role of mesangium…..?
The mesangium may serve as a supporting, stalk-like structure for the glomerular capillaries and probably has a role in the regulation of glomerular blood flow, filtration, and the removal of macromolecules (such as immune complexes) from the glomerulus
Glomerular filtration begins at approximately at what weeks of fetal life ….?
6th wk of fetal life
kidney function is not necessary for normal intrauterine homeostasis because the placenta serves as the major fetal excretory organ.
Renal clearance is calculated by the following formula ….?
Cs = Us*V/Ps
where Cs equals the clearance of substance s, Us reflects the urinary concentration of s, V represents the urinary flow rate, and Ps equals the plasma concentration of s.
The “bedside” Schwartz formula is the most widely used for …?
eGFR = 0.413 × height cm / S. creatinine (mg/dl)
Unlike creatinine, cystatin C different in what way
Cystatin C is a 13.6-kDa protease inhibitor produced by nucleated cells that is freely filtered by the kidney.
Cystatin C is not secreted by the renal tubules
It is less affected by sex, age, and muscle mass than serum creatinine
Various etiology for Glomerular injury ….?
Genetic, immunologic, perfusion, or coagulation disorders
Two major mechanisms of immunologic injury …?
Glomerular deposition of circulating antigen–antibody immune complexes and
Interactions of antibody with glomerular antigens in situ
Imune complex–mediated diseases what is it …?
Antibody is produced against, and combines with, a circulating antigen that is usually unrelated to the kidney
The immune complexes accumulate in GBMs and activate the complement system, leading to immune injury
The most common microscopic changes in glomerulonephritis ……..?
Proliferation of glomerular cells
Proliferation commonly involves the endothelial and mesangial cells and
It is often associated with an increase in the mesangial matrix
Renal histology quantification,…..? Proliferation of glomerular cells
may be generalized (involving all glomeruli) or
focal (involving only some glomeruli and sparing others).
Within a single glomerulus, proliferation may be diffuse (involving all parts of the glomerulus) or segmental (involving only one or more tufts, but not others)
What’s is Crescent formation in Bowman’s space….?
Crescent formation in Bowman’s space (capsule) is a result of proliferation of parietal epithelial cells and is often associated with clinical signs of renal dysfunction
These characteristic response to deposition of fibrin in Bowman’s space.
Newly formed crescents contain fibrin, the proliferating epithelial cells of Bowman’s space, basement membrane–like material produced by these cells, and macrophages that might have a role in the genesis of glomerular injury
