Introspection Exam Study Guide

Question 1

Nisbett and Wilson research

Answer 1

when people attempt to report their cognitive processes they do not do so on the basis of any true introspection, their reports are based on implicit and causal theories, say mundane problems are just like creative processes where it just happens, consumer survey with pantyhose

Question 2

Nichols and Stich research

Answer 2

cannot access mental processes because we can’t know the cause for actions, but do have monitoring mechanism to access mental states, like privlidged access to our mind, belief box is where add I believe to things, use ToM

Question 3

Carruthers research

Answer 3

all access toour own judgements and decisios is matter of interpretation, just as it is when we access the judgements and decisions of other people, can access perceptual states but not beliefs and decisions

Question 4

what is introspection

Answer 4

how well we know our minds, ability to access one’s own mental states and mental processes directly rather than via interpretation

Question 5

mental states vs. mental processes

Answer 5

mental states = standard mental entities such as perceptions, thoughts, emotions, and feelings
mental processes = causation bewteen mental states (like thoughts of dog dying makes you sad)

Question 6

why is the issue of introspection important?

Answer 6

interpersonal relationship, accountability, whether people are trustworthy, whether we can use introspective reports as psychological data that’s valid

Question 7

case against transparency - problem solving

Answer 7

artists, scientists, don’t know where ideas come from, Jaque Hadamard mathematician, answer just appeared to him

Question 8

introspective transparency vs. opacity

Answer 8

introspective transparency = widespread reliable access to one’s own mental states and processes
introspective opacity = limited/no access to one’s own mental states/processes

Question 9

case against transparency Maier study

Answer 9

subject in room with rope, when stumped would swing rope, then would ind out, 1/3 said it dawned on them or misattributed how they solved it

Question 10

causes of behavior darley and latene

Answer 10

fake seizure, person doesnt help, bystander effect, when talking on intercom about college

Question 11

cause of behavior nisbett and schacter

Answer 11

electrical shocks, placebo pill, 1/4 attributed to pill, took 4x more shock

Question 12

causes of behavior johansson, hall, and sikstrom

Answer 12

2 faces, pick more attractive, asked why for wrong face, 4/5 didn’t notice and gave reasons

Question 13

widespread confabulation nisbett and wilson

Answer 13

justify why a product is better when they’re identical

Question 14

widespread confabulation wells and petty

Answer 14

head nodding while listening to message, reported stronger belief

Question 15

widespread confabulation dutton and aron

Answer 15

people find more attractive when met in peril

Question 16

nisbett and wilson three conclusions

Answer 16

people are bad at reporting what’s on their mind, when people are reporting its ToM/theorizing, you get lucky at answer right because of ToM

Question 17

ToM with Nisbett and Wilson

Answer 17

say no acccess to own mental states, so using ToM, not state opacicists though, say ability is same as observers, but that we can see our own imagining of things

Question 18

argument for introspective transparency

Answer 18

mental rotation - that we can do it, that thoughts are self intimating, that we can access our inner monologue, feel emotions, that it takes longer to get further into alphabet

Question 19

protocol analysis

Answer 19

step by step describe what is being done, to try to parse apart mental processes, question of if we actually thing that linearly though

Question 20

state opacity and process opacity

Answer 20

state opacity - subjects can neither introspect nor their causal process

Question 21

nichol and stiches opacity

Answer 21

monitoring mechanism is belief box then grabs and adds on I believe on front, evidence is 3 yr old lacking ToM, false belief task of box with candy in it

Question 22

carruthers state opacity

Answer 22

cannot introspect judgement and decision because judgement are event of belief formation and decision are mental event that give rise to standng intentions and actions, thinks we can access perceptual states

Question 23

carruther split brain study

Answer 23

make up answer, confabulate for left hand when shown to right hemisphere

Question 24

carruthers essay writing and nodding

Answer 24

write essay more likely alter view to agree if better paid, nodding with persuasive audio then agree more - mind reading mechanism interpreting nodding as agreement

Question 25

carruthers i spy

Answer 25

TMS stimulate cortex hear click, think they did it themself, mouse stop by confederate and they’d think it was them

Question 26

neurons

Answer 26

signal goes dendrite then if meet action potential through cell body then axon and out terminal DCA

Question 27

processing in cortex and subcortex

Answer 27

cortex is outer and higher functions like memory, pereptions, thoughts, subxortex is lower functions autonomic and regulatory

Question 28

sulci and gyri

Answer 28

sulci are folds main ones are central fissure and lateral fissure, gyri are between the foldsn

Question 29

neocortex

Answer 29

outermost layer of brain, fully developed in mammals where higher functions take place

Question 30

spatial terminology for front, back, top, bottom

Answer 30

anterior, posterior, superior, inferior

Question 31

four cortical lobes

Answer 31

occipital - visual, parietal - body map and prep for action, temporal - memory, multimodal processing, frontal - executive function/action

Question 32

location of lobes

Answer 32

frontal is in front, temporal is bottom middle, parietal is upper back, occipital is lower back (OPTF), above is lateral fissure, behind is central fissure

Question 33

TMS

Answer 33

transcranial magnetic stimulation, stimulate right and left motor cortexes, homunculus can make movement happen like twitch

Question 34

split brain procedure

Answer 34

cut corpus callosum, chose image with left hand from right image and confabulate, show no introspective warrant

Question 35

temporoparietal junction

Answer 35

against carruther state opacity, TPJ is direct connection to sensory area, evidence against because he says we use ToM but this system bypasses ToM area and has no connection to it