Introspection Exam Study Guide Flashcards
Nisbett and Wilson research
when people attempt to report their cognitive processes they do not do so on the basis of any true introspection, their reports are based on implicit and causal theories, say mundane problems are just like creative processes where it just happens, consumer survey with pantyhose
Nichols and Stich research
cannot access mental processes because we can’t know the cause for actions, but do have monitoring mechanism to access mental states, like privlidged access to our mind, belief box is where add I believe to things, use ToM
Carruthers research
all access toour own judgements and decisios is matter of interpretation, just as it is when we access the judgements and decisions of other people, can access perceptual states but not beliefs and decisions
what is introspection
how well we know our minds, ability to access one’s own mental states and mental processes directly rather than via interpretation
mental states vs. mental processes
mental states = standard mental entities such as perceptions, thoughts, emotions, and feelings
mental processes = causation bewteen mental states (like thoughts of dog dying makes you sad)
why is the issue of introspection important?
interpersonal relationship, accountability, whether people are trustworthy, whether we can use introspective reports as psychological data that’s valid
case against transparency - problem solving
artists, scientists, don’t know where ideas come from, Jaque Hadamard mathematician, answer just appeared to him
introspective transparency vs. opacity
introspective transparency = widespread reliable access to one’s own mental states and processes
introspective opacity = limited/no access to one’s own mental states/processes
case against transparency Maier study
subject in room with rope, when stumped would swing rope, then would ind out, 1/3 said it dawned on them or misattributed how they solved it
causes of behavior darley and latene
fake seizure, person doesnt help, bystander effect, when talking on intercom about college
cause of behavior nisbett and schacter
electrical shocks, placebo pill, 1/4 attributed to pill, took 4x more shock
causes of behavior johansson, hall, and sikstrom
2 faces, pick more attractive, asked why for wrong face, 4/5 didn’t notice and gave reasons
widespread confabulation nisbett and wilson
justify why a product is better when they’re identical
widespread confabulation wells and petty
head nodding while listening to message, reported stronger belief
widespread confabulation dutton and aron
people find more attractive when met in peril
nisbett and wilson three conclusions
people are bad at reporting what’s on their mind, when people are reporting its ToM/theorizing, you get lucky at answer right because of ToM
ToM with Nisbett and Wilson
say no acccess to own mental states, so using ToM, not state opacicists though, say ability is same as observers, but that we can see our own imagining of things
argument for introspective transparency
mental rotation - that we can do it, that thoughts are self intimating, that we can access our inner monologue, feel emotions, that it takes longer to get further into alphabet
protocol analysis
step by step describe what is being done, to try to parse apart mental processes, question of if we actually thing that linearly though
state opacity and process opacity
state opacity - subjects can neither introspect nor their causal process
nichol and stiches opacity
monitoring mechanism is belief box then grabs and adds on I believe on front, evidence is 3 yr old lacking ToM, false belief task of box with candy in it
carruthers state opacity
cannot introspect judgement and decision because judgement are event of belief formation and decision are mental event that give rise to standng intentions and actions, thinks we can access perceptual states
carruther split brain study
make up answer, confabulate for left hand when shown to right hemisphere
carruthers essay writing and nodding
write essay more likely alter view to agree if better paid, nodding with persuasive audio then agree more - mind reading mechanism interpreting nodding as agreement
carruthers i spy
TMS stimulate cortex hear click, think they did it themself, mouse stop by confederate and they’d think it was them
neurons
signal goes dendrite then if meet action potential through cell body then axon and out terminal DCA
processing in cortex and subcortex
cortex is outer and higher functions like memory, pereptions, thoughts, subxortex is lower functions autonomic and regulatory
sulci and gyri
sulci are folds main ones are central fissure and lateral fissure, gyri are between the foldsn
neocortex
outermost layer of brain, fully developed in mammals where higher functions take place
spatial terminology for front, back, top, bottom
anterior, posterior, superior, inferior
four cortical lobes
occipital - visual, parietal - body map and prep for action, temporal - memory, multimodal processing, frontal - executive function/action
location of lobes
frontal is in front, temporal is bottom middle, parietal is upper back, occipital is lower back (OPTF), above is lateral fissure, behind is central fissure
TMS
transcranial magnetic stimulation, stimulate right and left motor cortexes, homunculus can make movement happen like twitch
split brain procedure
cut corpus callosum, chose image with left hand from right image and confabulate, show no introspective warrant
temporoparietal junction
against carruther state opacity, TPJ is direct connection to sensory area, evidence against because he says we use ToM but this system bypasses ToM area and has no connection to it
