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PHL 261 > Ethics Exam Study Guide > Flashcards

Ethics Exam Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

the important questions of ethics and if it is first order/metaethics

A

which actions are right and wrong? - 1st order
what makes actions righ tor wrong? - 1st order
is there such a thing as right and wrong? - meta

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2
Q

what is metaethics and 1st order ethics

A

1st order = at face value
metaethics = asks if questions are even valid

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3
Q

the point of ethical theories

A

gives a decision procedure, one can do x if x is permitted by the ethical theory, when faced with hard moral decision then consult theory that is true

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4
Q

method for deciding which ethical theory is correct

A

judge to see if it comes to intuitively correct result in certain moral dilemmas like bystander case

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5
Q

why the issue of how moral judgements are formed is important

A

they guide behavior so to judge them is praise/blame

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6
Q

challenges we face when forming moral judgements

A

there may be morally irrelevant factor contaminating, may not know why we make the moral judgement

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7
Q

main contrast of deontolgy and utilitarianism

A

utilititarianism is only need to know consequences, deontology is only need to know the type of action

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8
Q

general view of utilitarianism

A

action is right if it leaves the most people best off, cares about consequences of action

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9
Q

how utilitarianism relates to consequentialism

A

it is a type of consequentialism - which is that an action is right only if it has the best consequences

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10
Q

great happiness principle

A

right action makes greatest happiness for greatest number, so greatest hedons (measure of pleasure/displeasure), JS Mills, under utilitarianism

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11
Q

how utilitarianism is universalist and impartialist

A

it takes everyone’s welfare into account equally

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12
Q

general view of deontology and what Kant considered to be forbidden

A

action is right if doesn’t violate moral laws, some things are wrong no matter what (murder, lying, stealing)

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13
Q

doctrine of double effect

A

acceptable harm as side effect of causing a good end - but cannot use harm as means for making good end, deontology adopted the concept

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14
Q

bystander case

A

utilitarianism says flip the switch and deontology says don’t, utilitarianism wins, so deontology made doctrine of double effect

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15
Q

footbridge case

A

utilitarianism says push, deontology says no push, deontology wins, and utilitarianism says emotion is just getting in the way

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16
Q

medical sacrifice case

A

harvest organs of one to save another, utilitarianism says do, deontology says don’t, healthy person wouldn’t want it so utilitarianism makes rule utilitarianism where the rule is to not do because then people wouldn’t go to hospitals which is worse

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17
Q

case og outweigh moral law

A

torture a terrorist, hide a Jew in the attic

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18
Q

moral pluralism

A

correct ethical theory is made of prima facie duties (fidelity, gratitude), and use moral judgement to tell which one to follow when conflict - in utilitarianism

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19
Q

threshold deontology

A

when faced with very bad consequences, resort to consequentialism

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20
Q

rule utilitarianism

A

in some situations, way to maximize good is to have rules that everyone follows

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21
Q

how fMRI works

A

BOLD (blood oxygen level dependent), track blood going to brain, measure spike in activity from more oxygen so more blood so more activity

22
Q

prefrontal cortex - uses

A

executive functioning, connection to all major cortical areas

23
Q

limbic system

A

deeply located subcortical structures that are locus of emotion processing

24
Q

amydala

A

fear processing

25
Q

hypothalamus

A

memory processing

26
Q

vmPFC

A

ventromedial, integrates emotion into decision and judgement

27
Q

dlPFC

A

dorsolateral, does working memory, cognition

28
Q

result of vmPFC damage and cases

A

make decision making hard, paralysis by analysis, Phinease Gage got mean, Elliot (EV) got tumor removed then irrational and no forethought - intelectual ability preseved but blunt, less disappointment, lack of galvanic skin response

29
Q

vmPFC damage and iowa gambling task

A

normal subjects 20 tries to learn, vmPFC took longer if at all, no galvanic skin response until see consequences

30
Q

dual process argument

A

neuroscience shows that deontology comes from emotion not reason

31
Q

personal and impersonal harms

A

push makes emotional because is personal harm in way that doesn’t deflect harm of another, hardwired, impersonal harm is indirect harm like tax fraud

32
Q

personal and impersonal harm with evolution

A

natural selection, social animals so have aversion to antisocial behavior, gets bystander and footbridge right

33
Q

automaticity

A

moral judgements are products of automatic system and is driven by emotion

34
Q

system 1 and system 2

A

system 1 is deontological, haid intuitionalist says system 1 responsible for all moral judgement, is fast and effortless, emotion and no attention, system 2 is slower process, effortful needs attention

35
Q

link between cognition and consequentialism and emotion and deontology

A

deontology is from emotional prcess, and conseuqnetialist judgement is from cognitive process

36
Q

greene’s argument of dual process argument

A

consequentialism is determined by goodness of action

37
Q

neuroscientific evidence of greene’s argument with consequentialism

A

personal harm envokes more emotional response than impersonal, consequentialist uses more cognitive parts, saw more personal harm dilemma problems in emotional areas, gave fMRI to confirm, vmPFC damage associated with utilitariam moral judgement

38
Q

rationalism

A

where one can know principles of morality using reason only, can be done a priori, no emotion needed

39
Q

sentimentalism

A

emotion is necessary to moral judgement though reasoning may be involved

40
Q

kohlberg’s theory of psychological rationalism with evidence

A

moral judement is result of reason, emotions can play a role but not subsidary to reason, site reasons for opposed to abortion, cognitive process

41
Q

turiel’s harm hypothesis and evidence

A

moral rules involve someone harmed or right violated, which is more serious than conventional rules, kids understand rules and moral responses

42
Q

moral and conventional distinction and evidence

A

moral rule is universal and objective and independent of authority, kids know to wear a dress to school is conventional but no punching is moral

42
Q

evidence contradicting kohlberg’s rationalism and harm hypothesis

A

chicken abuse and toilet cleaning study - gives personal and impersonal harm examples, rationally not causing harm and not personal harm but still wrong

43
Q

moral dumbfounding

A

participants knew was wrong but couldn’t explain why, gave stories and asked why wrong, contradict harm hypothesis and rationalism because not personal harm and couldn’t explain conscious process

44
Q

moral reasoning vs. moral intuition

A

moral judgement is quick and intuition, moral reasoning is afterward if at all and is to convince others that judgement is right

45
Q

social intuitionism main idea and function

A

people come to quick moral judgement based on emotion only pissibly using reason later to justify

46
Q

view of intuitionism

A

one doesn’t grasp moral truths through reason but rather through something that is like perception

47
Q

system 1 and system 2 in social intuitionism

A

moral judgement is formed as philisophical intuitionism so is system 1 output

48
Q

disgust and moral judgement with evolution

A

evolutionary natural selection because want to survive, social specials

49
Q

2 studies taht support there being this link and general details

A

fart spray study rate moral example worse, hypnotize to be disgusted rate fine action as more immoral

PHL 261 (4 decks)

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