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Histopath Midterm > Introduction Up To Fixation > Flashcards

Introduction Up To Fixation Flashcards

1
Q

True or False. Medical Technologists do gross examination.

A

Gross exam is done by the pathologist in the laboratory.

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2
Q

In gross exam, the pathologist will get what type of information?

A

dimension of the specimen/color/gross weight/consistency

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3
Q

What is the required size of the specimen?

A

3cm x 2cm

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4
Q

What is the required thickness of the specimen?

A

3-5mm

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5
Q

Step in tissue processing that involves preservation

A

fixation

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6
Q

What is the primary goal of fixation?

A

To preserve tissues as close to the original as possible

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7
Q

What are the secondary goals of fixation?

A

Harden the tissue to facilitate easy cutting (into thin slices)
Protect the tissue from trauma of further handling that might be caused by different reagents used in tissue processing

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8
Q

If processing lung specimen, the required size is _______.

A

1-2cm is the required size

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9
Q

What is the required pH in fixation?

A

Should be between 6-8

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10
Q

What is the required Osmolality when fixing a specimen? (According to book and during practice)

A

Book: Slightly hypertonic
In practice: isotonic

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11
Q

Hypotonic causes _______.

A

swelling

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12
Q

Hypertonic causes __________.

A

shrinking

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13
Q

True or False. In fixation, we do not use concentrated solutions because it could be very damaging to the tissue.

A

True

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14
Q

True or False. In fixation, we use 100% formalin.

A

we use 10% formalin rather than 100% formalin

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15
Q

Maximum effectiveness of fixative should be ________ the volume of the specimen.

A

20x

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16
Q

Ratio of fixative to tissue is _____.

A

15-20:1

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17
Q

When does preservation happen?

A

Preservation happens when the fixative penetrate the tissue

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18
Q

What is the penetration rate of formalin?

A

1mm per hour

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19
Q

True or False. Osmium tetroxide is used for histochemistry.

A

False, it is one of the few fixatives used for Electron Microscopy

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20
Q

What is the ratio of fixative and volume of specimen when using Osmium Tetroxide as fixative.

A

5-10: 1

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21
Q

How long does fixation take to be carried out?

A

24-48 hours

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22
Q

Temperature in Manual Fixation.

A

Room temp

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23
Q

Temperature of fixation for Electron Microscopy and Histochemistry.

A

0-4degC

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24
Q

Temperature when doing fixation using Autotechnicon.

A

40degC (process is shorter compared to manual fixation since it is an automatic processor that uses heat)

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25
40degC (process is shorter compared to manual fixation since it is an automatic processor that uses heat
True
26
What are the factors being considered when choosing the right fixative?
Urgency of the case, Type of tissue to be processed, Tissue structure to be studied, Staining technique to be applied, Type of section to be made
27
If an urgent biopsy is required, we need to use __________.
fast-acting fixative
28
What is the most commonly used fixative because it is fast- acting.
Formalin
29
Used to preserve brain tissues for the diagnosis of rabies.
Carnoy’s solution and acetone
30
True or False. Bouin′s solution can be used for kidney specimens.
False, Bouin′s solution cannot be used for kidney specimens.
31
True or False. Brasil`s fluid is good in preserving glycogen.
True
32
When preserving fats, why is acetone not used as a fixative?
Because acetone dissolves fats
33
True or False. Acetone can be used when preserving enzymes (lipases and phosphatases)
True
34
What is the routine stain in HistoPath?
H&E (Hematoxylin and Eosin)
35
Why is the H&E staining the routine stain in histopath?
because it is compatible with many fixatives
36
True or false. Osmium tetroxide is an example of a fixative that can inhibit hematoxylin.
True
37
Osmium tetroxide can inhibit _______.
Hematoxylin
38
True or false. You can use osmium tetroxide as a fixative when the specimen will be stained with hematoxylin.
False, because it inhibits hematoxylin.
39
What are the two types of sections that can be made?
Either serial or individual
40
What are the factors that will retard fixation?
Cold temperature, Presence of blood and presence of mucus, Size and thickness of the specimen, Presence of fats
41
Why do we not place specimens in the refrigerator when fixing?
because the process will take longer
42
True or False. If the specimen is covered with blood and/or mucus, the fixative can penetrate the tissue easily because the fixative will be diluted with the blood/ mucus.
False, the fixative cannot penetrate the tissue easily, so the process will take longer
43
Remedy when the specimen is covered with blood or mucus.
remove blood and mucus using NSS
44
True or False. If the tissue is bigger and thicker, the longer the fixation time.
True
45
True or False. If the specimen is covered with fats, the fixative cannot penetrate the tissue easily, so the process will take longer.
True
46
Remedy when the specimen is covered with fats.
cut the specimen thinly to ensure rapid entry of fixative to tissues
47
What are the factors that accelerate fixation time?
Size and thickness of the specimen, Application of heat, agitation
48
True or False. If specimen is smaller, fixation time will be longer.
False, fixation time will be shorter
49
True or False. Application of heat will retard fixation time.
It will accelerate fixation time.
50
What will application of heat do to the specimen? ______,________.
Shorten fixation time and destroy tissue
51
During fixation, application of heat with what range of temperature can acclerate fixation time?
37-56 degCelsius only because beyond that, the tissue could be destroyed (37-56 degrees Celsius)
52
The use of autotechnicon has continuous agitation which causes ________.
rapid entry of fixative to tissue
53
What are the problems encountered during fixation?
Lost of substances soluble in fixing agents, incomplete fixation or inadequate fixation, Overfixation, Inadequate washing
54
Possible reason for loss of substance after fixation.
Wrong choice of fixative
55
Indication of incomplete fixation or inadequate fixation.
If the specimen is soft after fixation
56
Indication of Overfixation.
If the specimen is too hard after fixation
57
Indication of Inadequate washing.
If the specimen after fixation contains artifacts
58
What are the 2 types of fixative aaccording to mechanism of actions.
Non-additive fixatives, Additive fixatives
59
What do you call the fixatives that do not bind or do not become part of the tissue.
Non-additive fixatives
60
What do you call the fixatives that bind or become part of the tissue?
Additive fixatives
61
All fixatives are additives EXCEPT for _______ and _________.
acetone and alcohol
62
What are the types of fixatives as to actions?
Microanatomical Fixatives, Cytological Fixatives, Histochemical fixatives
63
Type of fixative used to preserve parts of the cell such as nucleus and cytoplasm.
Cytological Fixatives
64
Cytological fixatives are subdivided into _____ and _____.
Nuclear fixatives and Cytoplasmic fixative
65
Used to preserve nuclear chromatin or parts of the nucleus.
Nuclear fixatives
66
What are the examples of nuclear fixatives?
Carnoy’s, Bouin’s, Newcomer’s, Heidenhain’s Susa, Flemmings with HAc
67
What are the examples of cytoplasmic fixatives?
Regaud’s/Moller’s, Orth’s, Formalin with post chroming, Flemming’s without HAc
68
Used to preserve cytoplasmic organelles such as mitochondria, golgi apparatus etc.
Cytoplasmic Fixatives
69
Fixatives that are used to preserve the chemical components of tissues.
Histochemical fixatives
70
_______ is used when preserving enzymes.
Acetone
71
How to prepare 1L of 10% formalin?
Combine 100mL of 37-40% formalin to 900mL of distilled water
72
If formalin is stored for a long time, it has a tendency to ________.
precipitate
73
What will you add to formalin to prevent precipitation of formaldehyde to white paraformaldehyde for prolonged storage.
10% methanol
74
Enumerate METALLIC FIXATIVES.
Mercuric Chloride Fixatives, Chromate Fixatives, Lead Fixative
75
Fixatives that contains mercuric chloride as the basic ingredient.
Mercuric Chloride Fixatives
76
What is the most common metallic fixative that is excellent for trichrome staining and tissue photography?
Mercuric Chloride Fixatives
77
Disadvantage of Mercuric Chloride Fixatives.
They left black mercuric precipitate
78
Proposed as mercuric chloride substitute but is also toxic to man.
Zinc sulfate
79
Fixative that preserves liver, spleen, connective tissue, and nuclei.
Zenker’s fluid
80
Fixative that preserves bone marrow.
B5
81
Fixative for tumor skin biopsies preservation.
Heidenhain’s Susa
82
Fixative that preserves pituitary gland, bone marrow, spleen and liver.
Helly’s fluid (Zenker formol or formol zenker)
83
All chromate fixatives contain ________.
potassium dichromate
84
Type of chromate fixative that preserves carbohydrates.
1-2% chromic acid
85
Type of chromate fixative that preserves lipids and mitochondria.
3% potassium dichromate
86
What does Regaud’s or Moller’s preserve?
mitochondira, RBC and colloid containing tissues
87
What will be used to prevent Rickettsiae and other bacteria, tissue necrosis?
Orth’s fluid
88
When will you use Lead Fixative?
When preserve acid mucopolysaccharide
89
What are the 2 general methods of fixation?
Chemical Fixation, Physical fixation
90
Fixation that uses chemical fixatives.
Chemical Fixation
91
This method of fixation involves immersing the specimen in the fixative and is often done in histopath.
Chemical Fixation
92
Routine tissue fixative.
10% formalin
93
Fixation that uses heat fixation, microwave technique, etc.
Physical Fixation
94
Fixation method that involves thermal coagulation of proteins.
Heat fixation
95
Method of fixation that is used in micro, bacte to prepare bacterial smears.
Heat fixation
96
Method of fixation that can be done in preparing frozen sections.
Physical Fixation
97
For museum preparations, the ration of fixative to volume of specimen is ______.
50-100: 1
98
Used to wash out excess amounts of mercuric fixatives.
Alcoholic Iodine
99
Used to wash out excess amount of picric acid fixatives.
50-70% alcohol
100
Often used in conjunction with other fixatives to produce a compound fixative, aside from glacial acetic acid. It is also considered as a weak and slow decalcifying agent
TCA (trichloro acetic acid)
101
Fixative for enzyme histochemistry.
4% formaldehyde and formal saline

Histopath Midterm (8 decks)

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