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Public Health > Introduction To Zoonotic Diseases > Flashcards

Introduction To Zoonotic Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Zoonoses: definition, transmission types

A

Diseases/infections naturally transmitted between animals and humans
Includes transmission from “animal to man” & “man to animal”

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2
Q

Anthropozoonosis: definition, examples (5)

A

Animal to human infection
Rabies, brucellosis, cat scratch disease
Bat to human COVID
Pig to human influenza

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3
Q

Zooanthroponosis: definition, examples (3)

A

Human to animal infection
Tuberculosis to elephants
Influenza to ferrets
Human to mink COVID

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4
Q

Examples of what are NOT zoonoses (4)

A

Poisoning/envenomation
Bites, scratches
Allergies
Anthroponoses

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5
Q

Situations/places where zoonosis can occur (6)

A

-Farm sites: farmers, farm help, etc. where people are in close contact with livestock or their byproducts (e.g., milk, placenta)
- Animal processing facilities: workers at slaughterhouses and processing plants
-Forestry/outdoors: people who frequent wildlife habitat for professional or recreational reasons
- Recreation: contact with pets or wildlife in an urban environment
- Laboratories/clinics: health care personnel and laboratory technical specialists who handle specimens, tissues, carcasses
-Emergencies: those affected by catastrophes, refugees, or temporarily living in crowded or high stress situations

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6
Q

Agent: definition, characteristics

A

Organism causing disease
Can act alone or with other organisms
Infections can be transient or persistent

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7
Q

Reservoir aka

A

Carrier

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8
Q

Reservoir: definition

A

Source of persistence in nature and infection in new hosts

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9
Q

Amplifier aka

A

intermediate host

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10
Q

Amplifier: definition, characteristics

A

High levels of agent replication
Closer human contact vs reservoir
Asymptomatic infections often
Most commonly associated with vector borne diseases

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11
Q

Amplifier most commonly associated with what kind of diseases

A

Vector borne

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12
Q

Dead end host: definition, characteristics

A

Agent doesn’t replicate to level necessary for further transmission (don’t infect feeding mosquitos anymore)
Often asymptomatic infections
Associated with vector borne diseases

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13
Q

Zoonotic infectious agents: bacteria (5)

A

Anthrax
Brucellosis
Lepto
Plaque
Q fever

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14
Q

Zoonotic infectious agents: viruses (5)

A

COVID
Influenza
Monkey pox
Rabies
West Nile

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15
Q

Zoonotic infectious agents: fungi (3)

A

Dermatophytes
Histoplasmosis
Basidiobolus

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16
Q

Zoonotic infectious agents: prions

A

Mad cow disease

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17
Q

Zoonotic infectious agents: parasites (protozoal)

A

Toxoplasma
Giardia

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18
Q

3 types of parasites

A

Protozoal
Helminths
Arthropods

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19
Q

Zoonotic infectious agents: parasites (helminths)

A

Baylisascaris
Trichinella

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20
Q

Zoonotic infectious agents: parasites (arthropods)

A

Scabies

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21
Q

Is every animal species associated with a zoonosis

A

Yes

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22
Q

Dogs and cats are reservoir species for (4)

A

Rabies, roundworms, ringworm
Cat scratch disease

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23
Q

Livestock are reservoir species for (4)

A

Salmonella
E. coli
Brucellosis
Q fever

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24
Q

Birds and poultry are reservoir species for (3)

A

Avian influenza
Chlamydiosis
Cryptococcus

25
Q

Reptiles/fish/amphibians are reservoir species for (2)

A

Salmonella
Mycobacterium

26
Q

Wildlife are reservoir species for (4)

A

Rabies
Hantavirus
Plague
Tularemia

27
Q

4 routes of zoonotic disease transmission

A

Direct contact
Indirect contact
Foodborne
Vector borne

28
Q

How zoonotic diseases are transmitted: direct contact

A

Infected tissue
Bite wounds
Body fluids (Urine, feces, saliva ; Milk, semen)

29
Q

How zoonotic diseases transmitted: indirect contact

A

Fomites = food and water dishes (objects likely carrying infection)
Aerosol = coughing, sneezing, bedding, dander

30
Q

How zoonotic disease transmitted: vectorborne

A

Rodents
Mosquitos
Fleas
Ticks

31
Q

SIR model of pathogenesis

A

SUSCEPTIBLE—> incubation period —> INFECTED/symptomatic —> transmission —> RECOVERED, REMOVED OR DEAD (immune, carriers, or remain susceptible)

32
Q

How many known zoonotic diseases are there

A

250

33
Q

Number of national notifiable zoonotic diseases

A

25

34
Q

Number of reported cases of rabies per year

A

55,000

35
Q

Which disease has the greatest number of reported cases per year

A

Leptospirosis

36
Q

Are reported or unreported case numbers higher

A

Unreported

37
Q

Number of unreported salmonella cases per year

A

1 million

38
Q

Number of unreported campylobacter cases per year

A

1.3 million

39
Q

Costs of zoonotic diseases (2)

A

Cost to human health = lost productivity, loss of life
Economic costs = treatment, import/export restrictions, loss of trade and tourism

40
Q

Focus of traditional health management

A

Treating sick animals
Vet called to farm
Directed at medical treatment vs prevention

41
Q

Herd health management approach focuses on

A

Prevention = ID risk factors for disease, more proactive

42
Q

Herd health management approach: definition

A

Optimizes the health, welfare, and production in a population of animals (e.g., beef or dairy cattle, swine, or poultry) through systematic analysis
of relevant data and through regular objective observations of the animals and their environment, such that informed, timely decisions are made to adjust and improve herd management over time

43
Q

Herd health management approach: objectives (5)

A

• Optimize health status by preventing health, production, and reproductive problems
• Optimize productivity by improving herd management practices
• Optimizes animal welfare and ecological quality of the
environment
• Optimize the quality and safety of dairy and meat products
• Optimize the profitability of the enterprise

44
Q

Which 2 government organizations classify reportable diseases

A

State department of agriculture
USDA/APHIS

45
Q

Main responsibilities of state department of agriculture and USDA/APHIS (3)

A

Animal health and welfare
Classify reportable diseases
Animal import/export requirements

46
Q

World organization for animal health: responsibilities (4)

A

Set disease prevention and control measures
Point of contact for disease occurrence
Ensure members have access to necessary tools to respond to disease threats
Foster onehealth approach across borders

47
Q

Agroterrorism definition

A

The deliberate introduction of animal or plant disease for the purpose of generating fear, causing economic loss, or undermining social stability

48
Q

Government agencies/departments responsible for protection against agroterrorism (4)

A

• Department of Homeland Security
• USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)
• USDA Food Safety Inspection Service (FSIS)
• USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS)

49
Q

3 likely agroterrorism agents

A

Newcastle disease
Rift valley fever
Highly pathogenic avian influenza

50
Q

3 confirmed cases of agroterrorism

A

1997 - rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus in New Zealand
1985- screwworm along Mexico/Us border
1952 - milk bush sap poisoned cattle in Kenya

51
Q

Emerging infection definition

A

a new or newly identified pathogen or syndrome, or one that has resulted in new manifestations of an infectious disease

52
Q

Re emerging/resurging infection definition

A

a previously identified or known
pathogen that is increasing in incidence, expanding to new geographical areas, or affecting new populations or species

53
Q

General characteristics/trends of emerging diseases (5)

A

Largely zoonotic
Bacteria or rickettsia
Increasing in frequency
More commonly vector borne and drug resistant
Emerging hotspots in tropical areas

54
Q

What percent of emerging diseases are due to bacteria

A

54

55
Q

Emerging diseases are commonly from what sources

A

Bacteria
Wildlife

56
Q

Examples of emerging diseases (5)

A

Ebola
Campylobacter
Mad cow disease
COVID
E. coli

57
Q

Examples of re emerging zoonotic diseases (6)

A

Rabies
West Nile
Giardia
Tuberculosis
Salmonella
Mpox

58
Q

Sequence of who report to who for zoonotic diseases

A

Individual —> state —> UDSA —> WOAH

Public Health (11 decks)

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