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Public Health > Factors in Zoonotic Disease Emergence > Flashcards

Factors in Zoonotic Disease Emergence Flashcards

1
Q

factors of disease emergence: 4 categories

A

genetic/biological
physical environment
ecological
social, political, economic

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2
Q

genetic and biological factors of disease emergence (2)

A

microbial adaptation and change
host susceptibility to infection

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3
Q

physical environment factors of disease emergence (2)

A

climate and weather
urbanization and land use

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4
Q

ecological factors of disease emergence (2)

A

changing ecosystems
human demographics and behavior

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5
Q

social, political, economic factors of disease emergence (4)

A

international travel and commerce
technology and industry
breakdown of public health measures
poverty and social inequality

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6
Q

expected percent of population living in urban areas by 2030

A

60

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7
Q

total number of new antimicrobial agents approved by FDA for humans as of 2012

A

2

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8
Q

public health measures (3)

A

infant mortality
maternal mortality rate
life expectancy at birth

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9
Q

how much did life expectancy increase by in 20th century

A

30 years

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10
Q

global trade in exotic animals per year: birds, reptiles, primates

A

4 million birds
640,000 reptiles
40,000 primates

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11
Q

factors that promote zoonoses transmission (4)

A

frequent contact
animal husbandry and health
personal hygiene
globalization

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12
Q

strategies for mitigating future disease emergence (5)

A

novel vaccines
address antimicrobial resistance
grow one health practitioners
build predictive capability
reduce effects of poverty and inequality

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13
Q

recent trend in crude death rate for infectious diseases

A

recent increase

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14
Q

prevent strategies focus on (5)

A

reduce transmission to humans (focus on higher risk groups)
public settings
human health care facilities
veterinary clinics
coordination with human health care providers

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15
Q

high risk groups examples and considerations

A

immunocompromised
HIV/AIDS
elderly
pregnant women
children
occupations = livestock, vets, zookeepers

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16
Q

examples of human focused prevention strategies (4)

A

good hygeine
PPE/barrier precautions
food preparation
vector mitigation = prevent exposure

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17
Q

examples of animal focused prevention strategies (4)

A

control programs = vaccines, wellness exams
mitigation of dietary factors = hunting and raw meat
parasite and vector control
screening and treatment (intestinal parasites)

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18
Q

site specific prevention strategies (3 main sites)

A

public settings
healthcare facilities
veterinary clinics and hospitals

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19
Q

site specific prevention strategies: public settings

A

*childcare, schools, pet stores, petting zoos
handwashing
falling/sitting on ground
food/pacifier

20
Q

site specific prevention strategies: health care facilities

A

vaccinated, healthy, free of parasites
animal assisted intervention programs

21
Q

what organization publishes guidelines for therapy animals in healthcare facilities

A

society for healthcare epidemiology of america (SHEA)

22
Q

site specific prevention strategies: vet clinics and hospitals

A

handwashing
PPE
environmental infection control = laundry, medical waste
attention to bites/scratches
employee health plan

23
Q

standard precautions for vet clinics and hospitals given by

A

NASPHV compendium of vet standard precautions

24
Q

2 main causes of immunodeficiency

A

primary = congenital
secondary = immune system damaged later in life

25
Q

examples of secondary immunodeficiency causes (4)

A

age
malnutrition
infection/disease
medical treatments

26
Q

immunocompromised children: age at risk, what percent of population, cause

A

under 5 years old
6.5%
poor hygeine

27
Q

immunocompromised elderly: age at risk, percent of population, risk factor

A

more than 65 years old
13%
owning pets

28
Q

what percent of elderly people own pets

A

45

29
Q

immunocompromised pregnant women: why immunocompromised, risk factor

A

experience immune changes
own pets

30
Q

how many people are HIV positive in US

A

1.1 million

31
Q

immunocompromised chronically diseased: 2 main diseases

A

cancer and diabetes

32
Q

2 long term medical treatments that lead to immunocompromised

A

cancer chemotherapies
anti inflammatory drugs

33
Q

5 high risk animal species (more likely to carry zoonotic diseases)

A

reptiles
birds
non human primates
exotics
wildlife

34
Q

special risk situations (2 general)

A

pet selection
human animal contact

35
Q

raw meat diets promote shedding of what 2 bacteria

A

salmonella
e coli

36
Q

special risks to consider with routine pet care

A

raw meet diets
fecal contact in litter box
cleaning reptile habitats

37
Q

special risk situations for human animal contact (4)

A

routine care
animals in public settings
occupational exposures
animal bites

38
Q

important zoonoses for immunocompromised clients (6)

A

bartonella henselae/cat scratch disease
toxoplasma gondii
MRSA
avian chlamydia/psittacosis
mycobacterium spp. (TB, leprosy)
lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus

39
Q

should immunocompromised people keep their pets

A

yes

40
Q

risks of pet ownership to immunocompromised (3)

A

more susceptible to opportunistic pathogens
disease can be more virulent or present in unusual fashion
affected person likely to transmit disease to others

41
Q

benefits of pet ownership to elderly (3)

A

increased activity
increased socialization
decreased medical visits

42
Q

benefits of pet ownership to children (3)

A

increased confidence
increased happiness
decreased pain perception

43
Q

how to prevent zoonotic diseases in pets (3 general)

A

diet
vet care
grooming and flea control

44
Q

preventing zoonotic diseases in pets: diet

A

reputable commercial diet (no raw meat)
clean, fresh water
prevent hunting

45
Q

preventing zoonotic diseases in pets: vet care

A

yearly exams
up to date on vaccines, preventative medicine

46
Q

preventing zoonotic diseases in pets: grooming and flea control

A

keep environments, bedding, feeding areas clean

Public Health (11 decks)

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