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pcol > Introduction to Toxicology: Occupational & Environmental > Flashcards

Introduction to Toxicology: Occupational & Environmental Flashcards

1
Q

EFFECT: Dose

A

AFFECT: CNS

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2
Q

EFFECT: Duration of Exposure

A

AFFECT: Liver & Kidneys

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3
Q

EFFECT: Vulnerability of individuals

A

AFFECT: Reproductive System

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4
Q

“safe“ chemical exposure limits for workers

A

Permissible Exposure Limits

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5
Q

deals with the effects of chemicals found in the workplace.

A

Occupational Toxicology

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6
Q

deals with the deleterious impact of chemical pollutants in the environment, on living organisms.

A

Environmental toxicology

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7
Q

ability of chemical agent to cause injury/disease in a given situation or
setting

A

Hazard

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8
Q

expected frequency of the of the occurrence of an undesirable effect
arising from exposure to a chemical or physical agent

A

Risk

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9
Q

what are the Routes of Exposure

A

Industrial: Inhalational > Transdermal Route > Oral

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10
Q

An exposure to a toxic substance that is
absorbed by the target human or animal
results in a _____

A

Dose

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11
Q

single exposure or multiple exposure over a brief period of time

A

Acute Exposure

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12
Q

single or multiple exposure over a longer period of time

A

Chronic Exposure

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13
Q

__________ exhibit environmental persistence and can accumulate.

A

Poorly degraded chemicals (by abiotic or biotic pathways)

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14
Q

Methyl mercury discharges –>

A

neurotoxic

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15
Q

Lipophilic substances:

A

organochlorine pesticides

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16
Q

bioaccumulate in body fat –>

A

endocrine disruption, neurological disorders, and carcinogenesis

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17
Q

_____ concentrates the chemical in organisms

A

Biomagnification, higher on the food chain

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18
Q

Colorless, tasteless, odorless and nonirritating gas

A

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

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19
Q

Byproduct of incomplete combustion

A

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

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20
Q

Has teratogenic potential

A

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

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21
Q

acquired through gas stoves; generators and other gasoline powered equipment; automobile exhaust and tobacco smoke

A

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

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22
Q

CO combines tightly but
reversibly with the oxygen
binding site of _____, resulting in ______

A

hemoglobin (Hb), Carboxyhemoglobin

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23
Q

CO affinity

A

220x oxygen

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24
Q

most affected organs by CO poisoning

A

Organs with the highest
oxygen demand (Brain,
Heart and Kidneys)

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25
Q

Symptoms of hypoxia

A

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

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26
Q

Psychomotor impairment

A

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

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27
Q

Headache and tightness in the temporal area

A

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

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28
Q

Confusion and loss of visual acuity

A

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

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29
Q

Tachycardia, tachypnea, syncope, and coma

A

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

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30
Q

specific antagonist for CO

A

oxygen

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31
Q

Deep coma, convulsions, shock and respiratory failure

A

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

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32
Q

____ concentrations of oxygen for a ___ amount of time only

A

high, short

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33
Q

Treatment for CO poisoning

A

Hypothermic therapy

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34
Q

Colorless irritant gas

A

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

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35
Q

Generated primarily by the combustion of sulfur containing fossil fuel

A

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

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36
Q

eye, nose and throat irritation, reflex
bronchoconstriction and increased bronchial secretions

A

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

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37
Q

May initiate or exacerbate Bronchial Asthma

A

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

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38
Q

Delayed onset pulmonary edema

A

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

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39
Q

Treatment for SO2

A

Treatment is supportive, non specific

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40
Q

high solubility of SO2 in ______

A

moist membranes forms sulfurous acid.

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41
Q

severe irritant on the eyes, mucous membranes, respiratory tract and skin

A

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

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42
Q

90% of inhaled form is absorbed in the ____, causing ____

A

Upper Respiratory tract causing Acute Irritant Asthma

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43
Q

Brownish irritant gas associated with fires

A

Nitrogen Oxides (NO2)

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44
Q

Farmers exposed to fresh silage, Miners exposed to diesel equipment, automobile and truck traffic emissions

A

Nitrogen Oxides (NO2)

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45
Q

Relatively insoluble deep lung irritant

A

Nitrogen Oxides (NO2)

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46
Q

Inhalation to this gas damages the lung infrastructure that produces the ____ necessary to allow smooth and low effort lung alveolar
expansion

A

Nitrogen Oxides (NO2), surfactant

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47
Q

Irritation of eyes and nose, cough, mucoid or frothy sputum production , dyspnea and chest pain; Pulmonary edema, fibrotic destruction of terminal bronchioles

A

acute effects of Nitrogen Oxides (NO2)

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48
Q

Emphysematous changes

A

chronic effects of Nitrogen Oxides (NO2)

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49
Q

Nitrogen Oxides (NO2) treatment

A

Supportive, non specific

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50
Q

Bluish irritant gas naturally found in the earth’s atmosphere

A

Ozone (O3)

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51
Q

caused by Burning of fossil fuel

A

Ozone (O3)

52
Q

Emitted from power plants, motor vehicles
and other sources of high heat compounds

A

Ozone (O3)

53
Q

Irritant of mucous membranes

A

Ozone (O3)

54
Q

Formation of reactive free radicals

A

Ozone (O3)

55
Q

Ozone produces _____ irritation to ____ irritation with ____

A

upper respiratory tract, deep lung, pulmonary edema

56
Q

Shallow, rapid breathing and decrease in pulmonary compliance is an effect of ____

A

Ozone (O3)

57
Q

Irritation and dryness to throat, changes to
visual acuity, substernal pain and dyspnea, ARDS

A

acute effects of Ozone (O3)

58
Q

Chronic Bronchitis, Bronchiolitis,
Emphysema

A

chronic effects of Ozone (O3)

59
Q

Ozone (O3) treatment

A

Supportive, non specific

60
Q

found in industrial solvents, degreasing agents and cleaning agents

A

Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

61
Q

Carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene, chloroform, tetrachloroethylene and 1,1,1 trichloroethane

A

Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

62
Q

some are associated with renal, prostate and testicular cancer

A

Human Carcinogens

63
Q

CNS depression, kidney injury, liver injury,
cardiotoxicity, arrythmia are effects of _____

A

Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

64
Q

Impaired memory, peripheral neuropathy are effects of ____

A

Chronic exposure to Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

65
Q

component of gasoline

A

Benzene

66
Q

CNS Depression, Nausea, Euphoria,
Locomotor Problems and Coma; Vertigo, Drowsiness and Headache

A

acute effects of Benzene

67
Q

Bone Marrow Injury (Aplastic Anemia,
Leukopenia, Pancytopenia, Thrombocytopenia…)

A

chronic effects of Benzene

68
Q

targets of benzene

A

Pluripotent Bone Marrow Stem Cells

69
Q

it is known as a Potent Clastogen

A

Benzene

70
Q

known as Methylbenzene

A

Toluene

71
Q

found in paint thinners, nail polish remover, glues, and correction fluid; explosives

A

Toluene

72
Q

True or False : Toluene has myelotoxic properties

A

false, it has No myelotoxic properties

73
Q

CNS depressant, skin and eye irritant, fetotoxic

A

Toluene

74
Q

Associated with rapid loss of consciousness, severe fatigue, ataxia

A

Toluene

75
Q

known as a dimethylbenzene

A

Xylene

76
Q

Colorless, sweet smelling agent

A

Xylene

77
Q

Substitute for benzene in solvent degreasing operations

A

Xylene

78
Q

True or False : Xylene has no myelotoxic properties

A

true

79
Q

Aryl, carbocyclic or heterocyclic compounds with chlorine substituents

A

Organochlorine Pesticides

80
Q

4 classes of Organochlorine Pesticides

A
  • DDT ( chlorphenothane ) and
  • Benzenehexachlorides
  • Cyclodienes
  • Toxaphenes
81
Q

Known endocrine disruptors in humans and animals

A

Organochlorine Pesticides

82
Q

domestic mosquito elimination in malaria
infested regions of Africa

A

DDT

83
Q

MOA of ____: interfere with inactivation of the _____ in excitable membranes and cause rapid repetitive firing in most neurons; _____ is inhibited

A

Organochlorine Pesticides; sodium channel; calcium ion transport

84
Q

In DDT, ____ is the first manifestation

A

Tremor

85
Q

Used against large variety of pests

A

Organophosphorus Pesticides

86
Q

acquired through Either via direct contact or via plant systemics

A

Organophosphorus Pesticides

87
Q

Based on warfare chemicals like sarin, soman and tabun

A

Organophosphorus Pesticides

88
Q

Absorbed via the skin, respiratory and GI tract

A

Organophosphorus Pesticides

89
Q

MOA: inhibition of acetylcholinesterase through phosphorylation of the esteratic state

A

Organophosphorus Pesticides

90
Q

M U D D L E S:

A

miosis, urination, diarrhea, diaphoresis,
lacrimation, excitation of the central nervous system, and salivation

91
Q

If Organophosphorus Pesticides is not reversed, patients will develop ____

A

neuromuscular transmission failure cardiorespiratory failure, weakness of respiratory muscles and death

92
Q

Specific treatment and useful antagonists of Organophosphorus Pesticides

A

physostigmine, pralidoxime

93
Q

Highly halogenated biphenyl compounds

A

Polychlorinated and Polybrominated Biphenyls

94
Q

Used for insulation, fire retardancy

A

Polychlorinated and Polybrominated Biphenyls

95
Q

Potent endocrine disruptors; associated with reproductive and teratogenic effects on animal studies

A

Polychlorinated and Polybrominated Biphenyls

96
Q

Coolant materials in air conditioning systems

A

Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs)

97
Q

Used as oxygen carrying materials in clinical studies

A

Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs)

98
Q

Used as heat –, stain –, and stick resistant coatings for cookware, fabrics and other materials ( i.e. Teflon)

A

Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs)

99
Q

Human half life of Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs)

A

3 years

100
Q

Long term adverse effect on reproductive function, cellular proliferation and other cellular homeostatic mechanisms

A

Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs)

101
Q

Associated with proliferation of breast cancer cells; renal, ovarian,prostate and Non Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs)

102
Q

Associated with cholesterol and uric acid abnormalities

A

Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs)

103
Q

causes Polymer Fume Fever

A

Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs)

104
Q

Mimic, enhance or inhibit a hormonal
action

A

Endocrine Disruptors

105
Q

Estrogen like or antiandrogenic effects; some affect thyroid functions

A

Endocrine Disruptors

106
Q

Includes plant constituents like phytoestrogens, mycoestrogens

A

Endocrine Disruptors

107
Q

Synthetic forms are industrial chemicals, persistent organochlorine agents (DDT), PCBs and brominated flame retardants

A

Endocrine Disruptors

108
Q

Causes progressive fibrotic lung diseases, lung cancer, mesothelioma

A

Asbestos

109
Q

Synergistic effect with cigarette smoking and exposure to radon daughters

A

Asbestos

110
Q

Light alkaline metal

A

Beryllium (Be)

111
Q

Used in ceramics and alloys; computers; dental equipment; devices that requires hardening like missile ceramic nose cones
and heat shield tiles in space vehicles

A

Beryllium (Be)

112
Q

route of Beryllium

A

inhalation

113
Q

what class of human carcinogen is beryllium

A

class 1

114
Q

Characterized by progressive
pulmonary fibrosis

A

Beryllium (Be)

115
Q

what kind of metal is Cadmium (Cd)

A

transition metal

116
Q

Found in pigments, low melting point eutectic materials; insolder; in television phosphors; and in plating operations; semiconductors and plastics

A

Cadmium (Cd)

117
Q

route of Cadmium (Cd)

A

Inhalation and ingestion

118
Q

Chronic exposure to Cadmium (Cd) may lead to ___

A

progressive pulmonary fibrosis, renal failure

119
Q

what class of human carcinogen is cadmium

A

class 1

120
Q

Any material, natural or manufactured, bearing a size of at least one dimension that lies between 1 to 100 nm in size

A

Nanomaterials

121
Q

Gold, silver, cadmium, ceramic, aluminum oxide nanowears , carbon, silicon, and germanium nanotubes, zinc oxide nanocrystal, gold nanowafers, and copper oxide nanocubes

A

Nanomaterials

122
Q

routes of exposure of nanomaterials

A

Inhalational, oral, dermal, parenteral

123
Q

kidney toxicity

A

Silica

124
Q

hepatocellular damage

A

Zinc oxide

125
Q

cytotoxic in humans

A

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes

126
Q

toxic to lungs and other organs

A

Titanium dioxide

pcol (8 decks)

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