Introduction to the Module

Question 1

Which type of motoneurones are affected with CNS damage?

Answer 1

Upper motoneurones.

Question 2

Which type of motoneurones are affected with PNS damage?

Answer 2

Lower motoneurones.

Question 3

List 5 upper motoneurone signs.

Answer 3

1 - Increased tone (spasticity).

2 - Weakness with no wasting.

3 - Brisk reflexes.

4 - Clonus

5 - Babinski sign.

Question 4

Define clonus.

Answer 4

A series of involuntary, rhythmic muscular contractions and relaxations.

Question 5

What is the Babinski sign?

How does this compare to a normal response?

Answer 5

• Normally during the plantar reflex, plantar flexion and adduction of the toes occurs.
• The Babinski sign is where the plantar reflex causes extension of the big toe and flaring of the other toes.

Question 6

List 5 lower motoneurones signs.

Answer 6

1 - Reduced tone.

2 - Weakness.

3 - Wasting.

4 - Fasciculations.

5 - Reduced reflex responses.