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HDM Exam 1 > Introduction to the Immune System > Flashcards

Introduction to the Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Mobile elements of the immune system

A

Immune cells, Abs, complement, acute phase proteins.

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2
Q

Primary fixed elements of the immune system (2)

A

Bone marrow

Thymus

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3
Q

Secondary fixed elements of the immune system (3)

A

Spleen, lymph nodes, and mucosal immune tissues.

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4
Q

Herd immunity

A

When a large number of people in a population are vaccinated, it’s difficult for others, who are not vaccinated, to become infected.

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5
Q

Active immunity

A

The body’s response to a microbe, or microbial Ags.

Generates immunologic memory,

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6
Q

Passive immunity

A

Immune response from Abs obtained from outside the body (vaccination).

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7
Q

Innate immunity overview

A

First line of defense.

Works, rapidly, specificity for Ag, but no memory.

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8
Q

Adaptive immuity overview

A

Takes longer to develop.

Very specific, and has memory.

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9
Q

Which cells are phagocytes?

A

Neutrophils and macrophages.

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10
Q

Neutrophils overview

A

Produced in bone marrow.
Stimulated by the cytokine called granulocyte colony-stimulated factor (G-CSF).
Mediate earliest phases of inflammatory reactions.

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11
Q

How long do neutrophils function in tissues?

A

Only 1-2 days.

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12
Q

Mast cells, basophils and eosinophils overview

A

Involved in innate and adaptive immune responses.
Protect against parasitic infections.
All are granulocytes (secrete inflammatory and antimicrobial mediators).

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13
Q

The strategic location of mast cells:

A

Common at sites that are exposed to external environment (i.e. skin) and near blood vessels.
Capable of modulation of local cell populations by releasing effector cells through release of mediators.

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14
Q

Mononuclear phagocyte system incudes:

A

Monocytes and resident tissue macrophages (Mo).

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15
Q

Mo plays a role in what types of immunity?

A

Innate and adaptive.

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16
Q

Mo cells overview:

A

Long lived cells.
Assume specialized phenotypes depending on the organ.
Stimulated by the monocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF).

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17
Q

Monocytes to macrphages:

A

Mature monocytes enter the blood circulation, migrate into tissues and further mature into macrophages, especially during inflammation.

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18
Q

Dendritic cells overview

A

APC.
Potent stimulator of T cells.
Can be divided to myeloid DCs and plasmacytoid DCs (mDCs and pDCs).

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19
Q

mDC

A

Derived from monocytes are differentiated from peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMCs).

20
Q

Eliya Metchnikoff

A

Father of Cell-mediated immunity.

Named phagocytes as “principle effector machanism of immunity”.

21
Q

Cellular theory of immunity

A

Re-established in the 1950s when it was shown that resistance to an intracellular bacteria could be transferred with cells, but no with serum.

22
Q

Paul Ehrlich

A

Father of humoral immunity.

Coined the term for Abs for serum proteins that bind toxins.

23
Q

Ehrlich’s concept

A

Outstanding model fot the function of B cells in humora immunity.

24
Q

Differentiation of B cells occurs:

A

Fetal liver and bone marrow after birth.

25
Q

Development of B cells

A

Involves contact with stromal cells and cytokines IL-1, IL-6, and IL-7.

26
Q

B cells/T cells that react w/ self-Ags:

A

Are eliminated by apoptosis.

27
Q

T cells develop:

A

In thymus from T cell prgenitors.

28
Q

Which cytokines play a role in T cell development? (4)

A

IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-7.

29
Q

Th cells and Tc cells express:

A

CD4 and CD8 proteins.

30
Q

Clonal selection hypothesis

A

Ag-specific clones of lymphocytes develop before and are independent of exposure to Ag.

31
Q

Humoral immunity overview

A

B cells secrete Abs tha prevent and eliminate ECM microbes.

32
Q

Cell mediated immunity overview

A

Th activate Mo to kill phagocytized microbies or cytotoxic T cells to destroy the pathogen.

33
Q

Th cells

A

Recognize Ags on surfaces of APCs and secrete cytokines, which stimulate different pathways.

34
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

Recognize Ags on infected cells and kill them.

35
Q

Regulatory T cells

A

Suppress and prevent immune responses.

36
Q

Cutaneous immune system

A

Pathogen from the Langerhan’s cell travels to skin-draining LN. In LN, a dendritic cell activates and instructs naive T cels to go to skin and secrete cytokines and and kill pathogen.

37
Q

CD4+ cells reside in:

A

Dermis.

38
Q

CD8+ cells reside in:

A

Epidermis.

39
Q

IgA

A

Ab that is produced in mucosal tissues and transported to lumen where it binds and neutralizes microbes.

40
Q

B cells in the LN

A

As lymph passes thru the LN, B cells sample Ags in the B zone.

41
Q

DC function in LN

A

DCs bring Ags of microbes from epithelia and tissues to the T cell zone of the LN for sampling of naive T cells.

42
Q

Periarteriolar lyphoid sheath (PALS)

A

Surround splenic arterioles and is where naive T cells can enter and meet splenic APCs to sample Ags.

43
Q

B cell zone (follicle)

A

Located near PALS and allows naive B cells to look for Ags.

44
Q

PALS and follicle together for the:

A

White pulp

45
Q

High endothelial venules (HEVs)

A

Specialized postcapillary venules that allow naive T cells to enter the LNs.

46
Q

Chemokine receptor CCR7

A

Expressed on naive T cells and bind chemokines that are produced in T cell zones of the LN and displayed on the HEVs. Allows T cells to bind tightyl to HEVs.

47
Q

CXCR5

A

Chemokine receptor expressed on B cells that guides B cells to enter the follicles.

HDM Exam 1 (8 decks)

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