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HDM Exam 1 > Hematopoiesis > Flashcards

Hematopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

Monophyletic theory

A

All blood cells are derived from a single, pluripotent hemopoietic stem cell.

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2
Q

Where does hematopoiesis occur in the fetus in the 1st trimester?

A

Hematopoietic islands of hematopoiesis in umbilical vesicle.

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3
Q

Hematopoietic islands develop from:

A

Hemangioblasts, which are progenitors of hematopoietic and endothelial cells.

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4
Q

Hematopoiesis timeline in fetal development:

A

Starts in the 1st trimester in the hematopoietic islands.
Continues in 2nd trimester in the liver & spleen.
After 7 mo., the bone marrow becomes primary site of hematopoiesis.

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5
Q

Sinusoids

A

Found in BM.

Discontinuous capillaries w/ incomplete covering of adventitial cells.

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6
Q

Adventitial cells

A

Provides blood support for developing blood cells.

Produce reticular fibers and release cytokines.

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7
Q

Bone marrow-sinusoidal system

A

Maturing blood cells pushes against the endothelial wall and fuses through the endothelial cell and a create small aperture. Each cell squeezes through this opening and enters the sinusoidal lumen.
The endothelial cell repairs itself and aperture disappears.

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8
Q

Red bone marrow

A

Common in young long bones and in spongy bone.

Generally includes developing blood cells, megakryocytes, Mo, MCs, and some adipose.

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9
Q

Erythroblasts and megakaryocytes develop in:

A

Nests near the sinusoidal wall in red bone marrow.

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10
Q

Granulocytes develop in:

A

Nests further from sinsoidal wall in red bone marrow.

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11
Q

How do you determine the cellularity of bone marrow?

A

Subtract person’s age from 100 and add +/- 10 to create range.
ex: 30 y/o = 60-80% active cells.

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12
Q

Bone marrow aspirate protocol

A

Needle inserted thru skin and into bone (preferably posterior iliac crest) and spread as a smear to evaluate.

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13
Q

Bone marrow core biopsy protocol

A

Needle inserted into bone to get intact bone marrow. Needle is rotated to create a “core” and retrieve a solid sample of bone marrow.
Allows analysis of bone marrow architecture.

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14
Q

Hematopoiesis occurs in bone barrow of what bones? (6)

A 
Skull
Ribs
Sternum
Vertebrae
Pelvis
Femur
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15
Q

3 major groups of hematopoietic growth factors:

A

Colony-stimulating factors (CSF)
Erythopoietic and thrombopoietin (EPO. TPO)
Interleukins (cytokines)

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16
Q

IL-3

A

Influences growth and replication of hematopoietic progenitors.

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17
Q

IL-2

A

T cell growth factor.

18
Q

IL-1 and IL-4

A

Acts on pluripotent SCs to develop lymphoid SCs.

19
Q

Thrombopoietin

A

Stimulates increase of megakaryocytes and platelets.

Produced in liver.

20
Q

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)

A

Stimulates formation of leukocytes and reticulocytes.

21
Q

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)

A

Stimulates increase in neutrophils.

22
Q

Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF)

A

Stimulates increase in monocytes and Mo.

23
Q

Multipotent progenitor blood cells (2)

A

Common myeloid progenitor (CMP)

Common lymphoid progenitor (CLP)

24
Q

CMP gives rise to:

A

MEP: megakaryocytes, erythrocyte progenitors.
GMP: N, E, B, Monocyte progenitors.

25
Q

Yellow bone marrow

A

Mostly adipose.
Found in bone marrow of adults that are not hematopoietically active.
Can potentially revert to RBM.

26
Q

Adult bone marrow is how much adipose and how much hematopoietic tissue?

A

50:50

27
Q

Erythropoiesis regulated by:

A

EPO, which is released by the kidney in response to low O2.

28
Q

GATA-1

A

Protein required for terminal differentiation of erythroid lineage.

29
Q

Process of developin an erythrocyte (6)

A 
Proerythroblast
Basophilic erythroblast
Polychromatophilic erythroblast
Orthochromatic erythroblast
Reticulocyte
Erythrocyte
30
Q

What growth factors induce MEP differentiation? (2)

A

GM-CSF

IL-3

31
Q

Megakaryocyte and platelet formation steps (3)

A
  1. TPO is produced in liver and kidney –> stimulates megakaryocyte production.
  2. Platelets fill peripheral cytoplasm of megakaryocyte.
  3. Platelets broken off into sinusoids.
32
Q

What growth factors stimulate GMP differentiation? (2)

A

GM-CSF

IL-3

33
Q

Myeloblast

A

Earliest neutrophil precursor.
Large nucleus.
Very basophilic.
Matures to promyelocyte.

34
Q

Promyelocyte

A

Large nucleus w/ primary granules.
Granules get smaller with each division.
No subtypes.

35
Q

Myelocyte

A

First to exhibit specific granules.

Spherical nucleus.

36
Q

Metamyelocyte

A

Nuclear indentation deepens.
Specific granules outnumber azurophilic granules.
Give rise to banded cells.

37
Q

Granulopoiesis steps (4)

A
  1. Myeloblast
  2. Promyelocyte
  3. Myelocyte
  4. Metamyelocyte
38
Q

Immature neutrophils enter a:

A

Reserve pool in bone marrow for 5 days.

39
Q

From the reserve pool:

A

50% of band forms circulate.
50% will adhere to endothelial walls (marginalized pool)
Both can be used upon demand.

40
Q

Development of a monocyte (3)

A
  1. Monocyte progenitor cell (very similar ro myeloblast morphologically)
  2. Promonocyte
  3. Monocyte
    Takes about 55 hrs.

HDM Exam 1 (8 decks)

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