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HDM Exam 1 > Innate Immune System > Flashcards

Innate Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Type I Interferons

A

Block viral replication within host cells.

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2
Q

NK cells

A

Kill virally infected cells.

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3
Q

PAMPs

A

Indicators of pathogens that are not found on eukaryotic cells. Without them, the pathogen dies.

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4
Q

PRRs

A

Cell receptors that recognize PAMPs.

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5
Q

Mannose receptor

A

A PRR that recognizes glycans with a terminal mannose (which does not exist in eukaryotic cells).

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6
Q

PRRs are ______ encoded, meaning they have little variability between people:

A

Germ-line n-formyl met receptor.

TLRs, mannose receptor,

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7
Q

TLRs

A

Type of PRR.
Can be found on CM or in endosome.
9 exist.

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8
Q

CM TLRs (5)

A 
TLR 1
TLR 2
TLR 4
TLR 5
TLR 6
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9
Q

Endosomal TLRs (4)

A

TLR 3
TLR 7
TLR 8
TLR 9

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10
Q

TLR 1:TLR 2 heterdimer

A

Ligand: Lipopeptides, GPI

Cells carrying receptor: All myeloid lineage.

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11
Q

TLR 2:TLR 6 heterdimer

A

Ligand: Lipoteichoic acid, zymosan.

Cells carrying receptor: All myeloid lineage.

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12
Q

TLR 3

A

Ligand: dsRNA

Cells carrying receptor: NK cells

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13
Q

TLR 4: TLR 4 homodimer

A

Ligand: LPS

Cells carrying receptor: Mo, DCs, MCs, eosinophils.

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14
Q

TLR 5

A

Ligand: Flagellin

Cells carrying receptor: intestinal epithelium

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15
Q

TLR 7

A

Ligand: ssRNA

Cells carrying receptor: DCs, NK cells, eosinophils

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16
Q

TLR 8

A

Ligand: ssRNA

Cells carrying receptor: NK cells

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17
Q

TLR 9

A

Ligand: CpG-rich DNA

Cells carrying receptor: DCs, NK cells, eosinophils

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18
Q

MyD88 dependent signaling

A

Used by TLRs 1,2,5,6,7,8,9 to activate NK-kB and IRF, which are transcription proteins.

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19
Q

TRIF dependent signaling

A

Uses only adapter protein TRIF to activate NK-kB and IRFs

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20
Q

MyD88/TRIF dependent signaling

A

Used by TLR4 to activate NK-kB and IRFs

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21
Q

Bacteria bind which TLRs?

A

1,2,4,5,9

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22
Q

Viruses bind which TLRs?

A

3,7,8,9

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23
Q

Fungi bind which TLRs?

A

2,6

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24
Q

NF-kB and IRF activation results in:

A

Transcription of pro-inflammatory genes

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25
Q

DAMPs

A

Generated by necrosis.

Damaged cells will give off DAMPs.

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26
Q

HMGB1

A

DAMP protein.
Binds RAGE.
Activates NK-kB pathway.

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27
Q

Uric acid

A

DAMP molecule.

Activates NK-kB pathway.

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28
Q

HSPs

A

DAMP molecule.

Induce NF-kB pathway and release of inflammatory cytokines

29
Q

NLRs

A

Intracellular proteins that function like TLRs.
Help assemble signaling platforms that induce NF-kB pathway and MAPK pathway.
Control activation of inflammatory caspaces.

30
Q

Inflammasome

A

Formed by NLRs.

Activate caspace-1.

31
Q

Caspace-1 function

A

Activate IL-1B and IL-18, which drive inflammation.

32
Q

Components of the Scavenger receptor family (3)

A

SR Class A type I
SR Class A type II
MARCO

33
Q

Function of SRs

A

Bind bacterial constituents based on negative charges.

W/O it, pt’s are at a higher risk for infection.

34
Q

C-Lectin family of PRRs

A

Bind carbs on pathogens.

35
Q

Mannose-binding lectin (MBL)

A

Involved in complement activation in the lectin pathway.

36
Q

Defensins

A

Produced by epithelial cells and granulocytes.
Directly toxic to microbes.
Kill microbes by disrupting the membrane integrity.
Regulate activation of immune cells in inflammatory response to microbes.

37
Q

Cathelicidins

A

Produced by neutrophils and epithelial cells.
Have a big anti-inflammatory role by blocking inflammasome activation.
Bind LPS.

38
Q

Classical DCs reside in:

A

Skin, mucosa, organ parenchyma.

When activated, they migrate to LNs to display Ag to T cells.

39
Q

Plasmacytoid DCs function:

A

Early responders in viral infection.

Recognize nucleic acids of IC viruses and produce interferons.

40
Q

Mast cells overview

A

Located near BVs.

Release histamine, serotonin, tryptase, chymase, and PGD2 and LKB4.

41
Q

The ability of NK cells to kill target cells is inversely related to:

A

Amount of MHC I molecules displayed.

42
Q

Types of NK receptors (2)

A

Activating and Inhibiting

43
Q

NK Activating receptors

A

Recognize ligands on NK cells and activate PTKs.

Termed “KIRs”.

44
Q

NK Inhibiting receptors

A

Recognize MHC I receptors.

If they recognize MHC I, they will activate PTP and not kill self cell.

45
Q

How do NK cells kill infected cells? (4)

A
  1. Release perforins and create hole.
  2. Granzymes enter perforin hole and begin apoptosis in infected cell.
  3. Cell dies.
  4. Macrophage engulfs and digests cell.
46
Q

Function of IFN-y

A

Secreted by NK cells to activate Mo to phagocytose the infected cell.

47
Q

3 pathways of complement activation

A

Alternative pathway
Classical pathway
Lectin pathway

48
Q

Classical pathway

A

Ag-Ab complex on cell surface causes cascade.

49
Q

Alternative pathway

A

C3 dissociates to C3a and C3b.

C3b binds cell surface and causes cascade.

50
Q

Lectin pathway

A

Lectin binds carbs on the cell surface and causes cascade.

51
Q

MAC structure and function

A

Contains C5b, C6, C7, C8 and C9.

Creates transmembrane channels leading to lysis.

52
Q

Main functions of complement (3)

A
  1. Cause lysis of bacteria.
  2. Opsonization and phagocytosis.
  3. Chemotactic anaphylatoxin (release of granules)
53
Q

Acute phase proteins (APPs) are produced in the:

A

Liver

Accompany inflammation.

54
Q

What regulates APPs?

A

IL-6

55
Q

CRP and mannose binding protein function to:

A

Fix complement.

56
Q

All cytokines, except ______, are sourced from macrophages:

A

IFN-y

57
Q

All cytokines are inflammatory, except: (2)

A

Interleukin 10 and TGF-b

58
Q

Function of IL-1b

A

Activates vascular endothelium, lymphocytes.

Leads to local tissue destruction.

59
Q

TNF-a

A

Activates vascular endothelium and increases permeability.

Increases IgG, complement, and cells to tissues.

60
Q

IL-6

A

Activates leukocytes and increases Ab production.

61
Q

IL-8

A

Recruits immune cells to site of infection.

62
Q

IL-12

A

Activates NK cells

63
Q

ES and PS are expressed on:

A

Endothelial cells. They are upregulated at times of infection and begin “rolling process” by binding ligands on neutrophils.

64
Q

ICAM-1 and VCAM are expressed on:

A

Leukocytes.

When they slow down, they are bound tightly to ligands on endothelial cells.

65
Q

MIP 1-a and MIP 1-b are:

A

Chemoattractants for monocytes.

66
Q

Type I IFNs

A

Induce expression of proteins that interfere with viral replication.
Activate NK cells.

67
Q

Protein kinase RNA-activated (PKR) prevents:

A

RNA translation

68
Q

RNaseL function

A

Mediate viral RNA degredation.

69
Q

4 main strategies for evading the immune system:

A
  1. Resist phagocytosis
  2. Resistance to ROSs
  3. Resistance to complement
  4. Resistance to antibiotics

HDM Exam 1 (8 decks)

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