Introduction To The Human Body And Anatomical Terminology (HARC)

Question 1

Define Anatomical Position

Answer 1

This is the standard reference position of the body used to describe the location of structures. Always assume the person is in the anatomical position unless otherwise stated.
Standing upright
Face looking forward
Upper limbs by sides, palms facing forward
Lower limbs Close together, toes pointing forwards

Question 2

Define anatomical planes

Answer 2

Anatomical planes refer to these different lines that we can use to divide the human body

Question 3

What are the three anatomical planes

Answer 3

Sagittal plane, coronal plane and axial plane

Question 4

Define sagittal plane

Answer 4

Vertical line passing longitudinally through the body that divides the body into a left and right portion

Question 5

Define coronal plane

Answer 5

Also a vertical plane, however it is perpendicular to the sagittal plane so it divides the body into an anterior/ventral and posterior/dorsal portion

Question 6

Define axial plane

Answer 6

Passes horizontally through the body dividing the body into a top (superior) and bottom (inferior) portion

Question 7

What are the other names for the axial plane?

Answer 7

Transverse plane or horizontal plane

Question 8

True or false: there is only one sagittal, coronal and axial plane.

Answer 8

False
There are multiple planes - not just one!

Question 9

What is the name of the plane that only has one plane?

Answer 9

Median/midsagittal plane

Question 10

Define median/midsaggital plane

Answer 10

Goes through the centre of the body; dividing the body into equal left and right halves

Question 11

Name the body regions and what they consist of.

Answer 11

Head and Neck
Trunk (the main body bit - shoulder to hips): can be divided into 3 regions within the trunk known as the thorax, abdomen and pelvis
Upper limb: contains the arm, forearm and hand
Lower limb: contains the thigh, the leg and the foot

Question 12

Define body cavities

Answer 12

Body cavities are the spaces within the body where we might find some important structures

Question 13

Name the body cavities

Answer 13

The cranial cavity: where the head is - contains the brain
Vertebral cavity: where we find the spinal cord
Thoracic cavity: where heart, lungs and blood vessels are found
Abdominal cavity: where digestive organs are located such as intestine, liver and stomach
Pelvic cavity: structures where bladder is located

Question 14

Define directional terms

Answer 14

This is concerned with the specific terminology that we use to describe the position of structures relative to other structures

Question 15

Define anterior

Answer 15

Refers to structures of the body located at the front of the body

Question 16

What is another term that can be used interchangeably with anterior

Answer 16

Ventral

Question 17

Define posterior

Answer 17

Refers to structures of the body located at the back of the body

Question 18

What is another term that can be used interchangeably with posterior

Answer 18

Dorsal

Question 19

Define superior

Answer 19

Structures towards the top of the body or above a structure

Question 20

What are terms that can be used interchangeably with superior

Answer 20

Cranial or rostral

Question 21

Define inferior

Answer 21

Structures towards the bottom of the body or below a structure.

Question 22

What is the term that can be used interchangeably with inferior

Answer 22

Caudal

Question 23

Define medial

Answer 23

Closer to the midline

Question 24

Define lateral

Answer 24

Further away from the midline

Question 25

Define proximal

Answer 25

Closer to the trunk or origin

Question 26

Define distal

Answer 26

Further away to the trunk or origin

Question 27

Define superficial

Answer 27

Closer to body surface

Question 28

Define deep

Answer 28

Further away from body surface

Question 29

What is the anatomical term for palm of hand (surface of hand that faces anterior direction in anatomical position)

Answer 29

Palmar

Question 30

What is the anatomical term for the back of hand (surface of hand that faces the posterior or dorsal end in the anatomical position)

Answer 30

Dorsum or dorsal surface

Question 31

What is the anatomical term for the bottom of foot (surface of foot that is contact with the ground in the inferior direction in anatomical position)

Answer 31

Plantar

Question 32

What is the anatomical term for the top of the foot

Answer 32

Dorsum or dorsal surface

Question 33

Name and define the movements of the shoulder joint

Answer 33

Flexion:bringing arm in front of you
Extension: bringing arm behind you
Abduction: moving arm away from midline
Adduction: moving arm towards midline
Lateral rotation: turning/rotating arm away from midline (out)
Medial rotation: turning/rotating arm towards the midline (in)
Circumduction: flexion, abduction, extension, adduction

Question 34

Name and define the movements of the elbow and forearm

Answer 34

Flexion (elbow): bending the elbow/moving forearm to arm like bicep curl
Extension (elbow): Straightening the elbow/ moving forearm away from arm
Pronation: Palmar of hand moves from the anterior/ventral position to the posterior/dorsal position in anatomical position
Supination: moving palmar of had from posterior/dorsal end to anterior/ventral end in anatomical position

Question 35

Name and define the movement of wrists

Answer 35

Flexion: Bringing palmar towards the forearm
Extension: bringing palmar away from the forearm
Abduction (radial deviation): movement of wrist away from the midline to the thumb side (most lateral digit)
Adduction (ulna deviation): movement of wrist towards midline and away from thumb side (most lateral digit)
Circumduction: flexion, abduction, extension, adduction

Question 36

Name and define the movement of digits

Answer 36

Flexion: bending of fingers/digits
Extension: straightening fingers
Abduction: moving fingers away from median plane of hand (spreading fingers out)
Adduction: moving fingers towards median plane of hand (putting fingers close together)
Opposition (unique to the thumb): Thumb touching other digits is known as opposition

Question 37

Name and define the movement of hips

Answer 37

Flexion: bringing the lower limb out forward in front of you in the sagittal plane
Extension: bringing lower limb backwards in the sagittal plane
Abduction: bringing lower limb out towards the side away from midline
Adduction: bringing lower limb inwards towards the midline
Medial rotation: Rotating lower limb towards the midline
Lateral rotation: rotating lower limb away from the midline
Circumduction: flexion, abduction, extension, adduction

Question 38

Name and define the movements of knee and foot

Answer 38

Flexion: bending knee backwards
Extension: straightening knee
Dorsiflexion: bringing the dorsum of the foot towards the shin (upwards)
Plantarflexion: bringing the plantar of the up (like a tip toe)
Inversion: plantar of foot rotates and faces towards the midline (medially)
Eversion: plantar of foot rotates and faces away from the midline (laterally)

Question 39

Name and define the movements of the jaw

Answer 39

Elevation: bringing jaw up
Depression: bringing jaw down
Retraction: bringing jaw backwards
Protraction: bringing jaw forwards