Introduction To The Human Body And Anatomical Terminology (HARC) Flashcards
Define Anatomical Position
This is the standard reference position of the body used to describe the location of structures. Always assume the person is in the anatomical position unless otherwise stated.
Standing upright
Face looking forward
Upper limbs by sides, palms facing forward
Lower limbs Close together, toes pointing forwards
Define anatomical planes
Anatomical planes refer to these different lines that we can use to divide the human body
What are the three anatomical planes
Sagittal plane, coronal plane and axial plane
Define sagittal plane
Vertical line passing longitudinally through the body that divides the body into a left and right portion
Define coronal plane
Also a vertical plane, however it is perpendicular to the sagittal plane so it divides the body into an anterior/ventral and posterior/dorsal portion
Define axial plane
Passes horizontally through the body dividing the body into a top (superior) and bottom (inferior) portion
What are the other names for the axial plane?
Transverse plane or horizontal plane
True or false: there is only one sagittal, coronal and axial plane.
False
There are multiple planes - not just one!
What is the name of the plane that only has one plane?
Median/midsagittal plane
Define median/midsaggital plane
Goes through the centre of the body; dividing the body into equal left and right halves
Name the body regions and what they consist of.
Head and Neck
Trunk (the main body bit - shoulder to hips): can be divided into 3 regions within the trunk known as the thorax, abdomen and pelvis
Upper limb: contains the arm, forearm and hand
Lower limb: contains the thigh, the leg and the foot
Define body cavities
Body cavities are the spaces within the body where we might find some important structures
Name the body cavities
The cranial cavity: where the head is - contains the brain
Vertebral cavity: where we find the spinal cord
Thoracic cavity: where heart, lungs and blood vessels are found
Abdominal cavity: where digestive organs are located such as intestine, liver and stomach
Pelvic cavity: structures where bladder is located
Define directional terms
This is concerned with the specific terminology that we use to describe the position of structures relative to other structures
Define anterior
Refers to structures of the body located at the front of the body
What is another term that can be used interchangeably with anterior
Ventral
Define posterior
Refers to structures of the body located at the back of the body
What is another term that can be used interchangeably with posterior
Dorsal
Define superior
Structures towards the top of the body or above a structure
What are terms that can be used interchangeably with superior
Cranial or rostral
Define inferior
Structures towards the bottom of the body or below a structure.
What is the term that can be used interchangeably with inferior
Caudal
Define medial
Closer to the midline
Define lateral
Further away from the midline
Define proximal
Closer to the trunk or origin
Define distal
Further away to the trunk or origin
Define superficial
Closer to body surface
Define deep
Further away from body surface
What is the anatomical term for palm of hand (surface of hand that faces anterior direction in anatomical position)
Palmar
What is the anatomical term for the back of hand (surface of hand that faces the posterior or dorsal end in the anatomical position)
Dorsum or dorsal surface
What is the anatomical term for the bottom of foot (surface of foot that is contact with the ground in the inferior direction in anatomical position)
Plantar
What is the anatomical term for the top of the foot
Dorsum or dorsal surface
Name and define the movements of the shoulder joint
Flexion:bringing arm in front of you
Extension: bringing arm behind you
Abduction: moving arm away from midline
Adduction: moving arm towards midline
Lateral rotation: turning/rotating arm away from midline (out)
Medial rotation: turning/rotating arm towards the midline (in)
Circumduction: flexion, abduction, extension, adduction
Name and define the movements of the elbow and forearm
Flexion (elbow): bending the elbow/moving forearm to arm like bicep curl
Extension (elbow): Straightening the elbow/ moving forearm away from arm
Pronation: Palmar of hand moves from the anterior/ventral position to the posterior/dorsal position in anatomical position
Supination: moving palmar of had from posterior/dorsal end to anterior/ventral end in anatomical position
Name and define the movement of wrists
Flexion: Bringing palmar towards the forearm
Extension: bringing palmar away from the forearm
Abduction (radial deviation): movement of wrist away from the midline to the thumb side (most lateral digit)
Adduction (ulna deviation): movement of wrist towards midline and away from thumb side (most lateral digit)
Circumduction: flexion, abduction, extension, adduction
Name and define the movement of digits
Flexion: bending of fingers/digits
Extension: straightening fingers
Abduction: moving fingers away from median plane of hand (spreading fingers out)
Adduction: moving fingers towards median plane of hand (putting fingers close together)
Opposition (unique to the thumb): Thumb touching other digits is known as opposition
Name and define the movement of hips
Flexion: bringing the lower limb out forward in front of you in the sagittal plane
Extension: bringing lower limb backwards in the sagittal plane
Abduction: bringing lower limb out towards the side away from midline
Adduction: bringing lower limb inwards towards the midline
Medial rotation: Rotating lower limb towards the midline
Lateral rotation: rotating lower limb away from the midline
Circumduction: flexion, abduction, extension, adduction
Name and define the movements of knee and foot
Flexion: bending knee backwards
Extension: straightening knee
Dorsiflexion: bringing the dorsum of the foot towards the shin (upwards)
Plantarflexion: bringing the plantar of the up (like a tip toe)
Inversion: plantar of foot rotates and faces towards the midline (medially)
Eversion: plantar of foot rotates and faces away from the midline (laterally)
Name and define the movements of the jaw
Elevation: bringing jaw up
Depression: bringing jaw down
Retraction: bringing jaw backwards
Protraction: bringing jaw forwards
