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LQB389 > Introduction to the Abdomen and Inguinal Canal > Flashcards

Introduction to the Abdomen and Inguinal Canal Flashcards

1
Q

Name the nine abdominal regions

A
  • Epigastric Region
  • Right and Left Hyperchondriac Region
  • Right and Left Lumbar Region (Right and Left Lateral Regions)
  • Right and Left Iliac Region (Right and Left Inguinal Regions)
  • Hypogastric Region (Pubic Region)
  • Umbilical Region
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2
Q

Organs within the Left Hypochondraic Region

A

o Spleen, stomach, splenic flexure of the colon, tail of pancreas, may have extension of liver

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3
Q

Organs within the Right Hypochondriac Region

A

o Liver and Gallbladder

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4
Q

Organs within the Epigastric Region

A

o Liver, stomach, body of pancreas, oesophagus, abdominal aorta, IVC

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5
Q

Organs within the Right Lumbar Lateral Region

A

o Right kidney, right suprarenal gland, hepatic flexure of colon, ascending colon

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6
Q

Organs within the Umbilical Region

A

o Duodenum, jejunum, head of pancreas, abdominal aorta, IVC, Stomach, transverse colon

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7
Q

Organs within the Left Lumbar Region

A

o Left kidney, Left Suprarenal Gland, descending colon

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8
Q

Organs within the Right Iliac/Inguinal Region

A

o Caecum, Vermiform appendix, ileum

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9
Q

Organs within the Hypogastric/Pubic Region

A

o Sigmoid Colon, rectum, urinary bladder (when distended), ileum

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10
Q

Organs within the Left Iliac/Inguinal Region

A

o Sigmoid Colon

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11
Q

How to Identify the Transpyloric Plane

A

Find the Superior Landmark
 Jugular Notch of the Manubrium

Find the Inferior Landmark
 Pubic Symphysis

Midpoint between these two landmarks (approx. L1 vertebrae) is the location of the horizontal plane

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12
Q

What does the Transpyloric Plane pass through

A

 Passes through L1, the pyloris of the stomach, neck of the pancreas, the gall bladder, and the hepatic portal vein

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13
Q

How to Identify the Transtubercular Plane

A

Estimate position of the tubercle of the right and left iliac crests

Draw a horizontal line between the two points passing through L5

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14
Q

What does the Transtubercular Plane pass through

A

 Passes through L5 and the tubercles of the iliac crest

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15
Q

How to Identify the Midclavicular Plane

A

Find the Superior Landmark
 Midpoint of the Clavicle

Find the Inferior Landmark
 Midinguinal Point
 Midpoint between the ASIS and the Pubic Symphysis

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16
Q

How to Identify the Subcostal Plane

A

Palpate and locate the most inferior region of the Right and Left Costal Margins

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17
Q

What are the Quadrants of the Abdominal Regions

A
  • Right and Left Upper Quadrant

* Right and Left Lower Quadrants

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18
Q

What are the Quadrants of the Abdominal Regions separated by?

A

• Divided by a midsagittal plane and a transumbilical plane passing through the umbilical

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19
Q

What are the lines of division of the abdominal regions?

A

• Paired vertical right and left midclavicular planes and two horizontal planes

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20
Q

Peritoneal Cavity

A
  • Consists of organs located within the abdomen
  • Cavity is lined with parietal peritoneum
  • Superficial organ surfaces are lined with visceral peritoneum
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21
Q

Superior and Inferior Border of the Peritoneal Cavity

A
  • Superior Boundary – Thoracic Diaphragm
  • Inferior Boundary – Imaginary plane dividing the abdomen from the pelvis through the superior pelvic aperture (at the pelvic brim)
22
Q

Classification of Abdominopelvic Organs

A

• Abdominopelvic organs are classified as either extraperitoneal or intraperitoneal

23
Q

Extraperitoneal Organ

A

o Located along the walls of the abdomen and pelvis

o Majority are located posteriorly are referred to as retroperitoneal organs

24
Q

Extraperitoneal Organ Examples

A

o Urinary Bladder – Located on the anterior pelvic wall

25
Q

Intraperitoneal Organs

A

o Suspended inside the peritoneal cavity by peritoneal folds such as the jejunum and liver

26
Q

Skeletal Structures of the Abdominal Wall

A
  • Inferior Thoracic Cage
  • Hip Bones
  • Pelvic Brim/Superior Pelvic Aperture (of lesser or true pelvis)
  • Lumbar Vertebrae

Due to the lack of skeletal protections in the anterolateral abdominal wall, the anterolateral abdominal muscles from strong expandable support for this region

27
Q

Boundaries of the Anterolateral Abdominal Wall

A
  • Xiphisternum
  • Costal Margins
  • Hip Bones
  • Inguinal Ligament
28
Q

What are the Hip Bones and Important Landmarks?

A

o Iliac Crest, ASIS, Pubic Tubercle, Pubic Crest, Pubic Symphysis

29
Q

What is the Inguinal Ligament attached to?

A

o Attaches to the Pubic Tubercle

30
Q

Rectus Abdominis

A

o Divided into differing sections

o Surrounded by a CT sheath – Rectus Sheath

31
Q

Three Muscles Compose the Anterolateral Abdominal Wall

A

o External Oblique Abdominis, Internal Oblique Abdominis, Transversus Abdominis

32
Q

External Oblique Abdominis: Direction of Fibres

A

 Fibres run in an inferomedial direction

33
Q

Internal Oblique Abdominis: Location and Direction of Fibres

A

 Deep to the External Oblique Abdominis

 Fibres run in a superomedial direction

34
Q

Transversus Abdominis: Location and Direction of Fibres

A

 Muscle fibres run horizontally

 Deep to the Internal Oblique Abdominus

35
Q

Linea Alba: Location and what does it form?

A

o Located between the Rectus Abdominis muscles

o Forms a vertical line which runs down the midline of the abdomen

36
Q

Tendinous Intersections

A

o Separate the rectus abdominus muscles

o Seen on the surface of the skin

37
Q

Supportive Structures of the Abdominal Wall

A

o Transversalis Fascia
o Parietal Peritoneum
o Extraperitoneal Fat
o Inguinal Ligament

38
Q

Supportive Structures of the Abdominal Wall: Inguinal Ligament

A

 CT layer which attaches to the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic tubercle

 Forms a surface landmark – inguinal groove

39
Q

What does the Inguinal Canal Pass Through?

A

o Passes through the three muscle layers, transversalis fascia, parietal peritoneum and extraperitoneal fat

o Approximately 4cm long

40
Q

Opening of the Deep Inguinal Ring

A

 Opening in the deep abdominal wall

41
Q

Superficial Inguinal Ring

A

 Exit from the inguinal canal

 Inferomedial opening in aponeurosis of external obliquus abdominis (superolateral to the pubic tubercle)

 Triangular shaped

42
Q

Major Structures in the Male Inguinal Canal

A

 Ductus Deferens, Testicular blood vessels, Spermatic Cord

43
Q

Male Inguinal Canal from Superficial to Deep

A
  • Superficial inguinal ring with aponeurosis of external obliquus abdominis
  • Belly of internal obliquus abdominis
  • Belly and aponeurosis of transversus abdominis
  • Deep inguinal ring with transversalis fascia
44
Q

Female Inguinal Canal

A

 Shorter than male inguinal canal

 Round ligament of the uterus, fat pad, blood vessels and nerves

45
Q

Inguinal Hernia

A
  • Protrusion or passage of a peritoneal sac, with or without abdominal contents, through a weakened part of abdominal wall of inguinal region/groin
  • More common in males due to the larger size of the inguinal canal
46
Q

Two Types of Inguinal Hernia

A

Direct or Indirect

47
Q

Direct Inguinal Hernia

A

o Through peritoneum and transversalis fascia in posterior wall of inguinal canal

o Does not use deep inguinal ring

o 25-33% incidence

o Only traverses medial 1/3 of inguinal canal

o Rarely enters scrotum

48
Q

Indirect Inguinal Hernia

A

o Through deep inguinal ring

o 66-75% incidence

o Transverses entire inguinal canal

o Exits through superficial inguinal ring inside spermatic cord

o Commonly enters scrotum

49
Q

Psoas Major

A

o Attaches to the bodies of vertebrae T12-L5 superior and the lesser trochanter of the femur inferiorly

o In the posterior abdominal wall

50
Q

Iliacus

A

o Within the iliac fossa in the posterior abdominal wall

51
Q

Iliopsoas

A

o When the iliacus muscle joins the psoas major and passes into the thigh, the combined muscles are referred to as the iliopsoas muscle

o In the posterior abdominal wall

52
Q

quadratus lumborum

A

o Square shaped muscle attaching to the 12th rib and the iliac crest

o in the posterior abdominal wall

LQB389 (13 decks)

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