Introduction to Statistics Flashcards
It refers to a set of mathematical procedures for organizing, summarizing, and interpreting information.
Statistics
It is the set of all the individuals of interest in a particular study.
Population
It is a set of individuals selected from a population, usually intended to represent the population in a research study.
Sample
It is a set of characteristic or condition that changes or has different values for different individuals.
Variable
These are measurements or observations.
Data
It is a set collection of measurements or observations.
Data Set
It is a single measurement or observation and is commonly called a score or raw score.
Datum
A value and usually a numerical value that describes a population and is usually derived from measurements of the individuals in the population.
Parameter
A value and usually a numerical value that describes a sample and is usually derived from measurements of the individuals in the sample.
Statistic
These are statistical procedures used to summarize, organize, and simplify data.
Descriptive Statistics
It consists of techniques that allows us to study sample and then make generalizations about the population from which they were selected.
Inferential Statistics
It is the naturally occurring discrepancy, or error, that exists between a sample statistics and the corresponding population parameter.
Sampling Error
These are typically described by the statistical techniques.
Numerical Scores
These are typically described by computing the proportion or percentage in each category.
Non-numerical Scores
2 Data Structures to classify Research Methods
- Correlational Method
- Experimental and Non-experimental Method
It is where each individual is represented by a point so that the horizontal position corresponds to the other.
Scatter Plot
It is where two different variables are observed to determine whether there is a relationship between them.
Correlational Method
A statistic that usually measured and described the relationship between two variable when the data from a correlational study consist of numerical scores.
Correlation
A statistical technique that evaluates the relationship between variables for non-numerical data.
Chi-Square Test
It is where one variable that is manipulated while another variable is observed and measured and it attempts to control all over variables to prevent them from influencing the results.
Experimental Method/Experimental Research Strategy
2 characteristics of Experimental Method
- Manipulation
- Control
It is where the experimenter manipulates one variable by changing its value from one level to another.
Manipulation
It is where the researcher must exercise control over the research situation to ensure that other, extraneous variables do not influence the relationship being examined.
Control
2 general categories of Variables
- Participant Variables
- Environmental Variables
These are characteristics such as age, gender, and intelligence that vary from one individual to another.
Participant Variables
It is when a research study that allows more than one explanation for the results and because it is impossible to reach an unambiguous conclusion.
Confounded
These are characteristics of the environment such as lighting, time of the day, and weather conditions.
Environmental Variables
3 basic techniques to control Variables
- Random Assignment
- Matching
- Holding them Constant
It means that each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to each of the treatment conditions.
Random Assignment
It is to ensure equivalent groups or equivalent environments.
Matching
2 types of Variables
- Independent Variable
- Dependent Variable
The variable that is manipulated by the researcher and usually consists of wo or more treatment conditions to which subjects are exposed.
Independent Variable
It assess the effect of the treatment in independent variable.
Dependent Variable
Participants that do not receive the experimental treatment and instead, they receive no treatment or they receive a neutral, placebo treatment.
Control Condition
Participants that receives the experimental treatment.
Experimental Condition
A research designs that are not true experiments but still examine the relationship between variables by comparing groups of scores.
Non-Experiment Methods
The compared two groups of scores in non-experimental groups.
Non-Equivalent Groups
The independent variable in non-experimental study that is used to create the different groups of scores.
Quasi-Independent Variable
These are internal attributes or characteristics that cannot be directly observed but are useful for describing and explaining behavior.
Constructs/Hypothetical Constructs
It identifies a measurement procedure or a set of operational definitions for measuring an external behavior and uses the resulting measurements as a definition and a measurement of a hypothetical construct.
Operational Definition
It consists of separate, indivisible categories and where no values can exist between two neighboring categories.
Discrete Variable
It consists of an infinite number of possible values that fall between any two observed values and it is divisible into an infinite number of fractional parts.
Continuous Variable
The measurement category when measuring a continuous variable that must be defined by boundaries.
Interval
These are boundaries of intervals for scores that are represented on a continuous number line.
Real Limits
2 types of Real Limits
- Upper Real Limit
- Lower Real Limit
It is in the top of the interval.
Upper Real Limit
It is in the bottom of an interval.
Lower Real Limit
These are categories used to measure a variable.
Scales of Measurement
4 different Scales of Measurement
- Nominal Scale
- Ordinal Scale
- Interval Scale
- Ratio Scale
It consists of a set of categories that have different names and it also label and categorize observations, but do not make any quantitative distinctions between observations.
Nominal Scale
It consists of a set of categories that are organized in an ordered sequence and rank observations in terms of size or magnitude.
Ordinal Scale
It consists of ordered categories that are all intervals of exactly the same size.
Interval Scale
It is an interval scale with the additional feature of an absolute zero point.
Ratio Scale
The letter that represents the scores for a particular variable.
X
It is used to specify how many scores are in a set and it identifies the number of scores in a population.
N
The lowercase letter that identifies the number of scores in a sample.
n
It is used to stand for summation.
Sigma
Order of Mathematical Operation
- Parentheses
- Squaring
- Multiplying/Dividing from left to right.
- Summation
- Any other addition/subtraction
It is where participants are measured at two points in time and researchers cannot control influence of the passage of time.
Pre-test/Post-test
2 Measures of Variables
- Quantitative Data
- Qualitative Data
The data measured in numbers to make sense of it and to perform arithmetic calculations.
Quantitative Data
It places variables into groups or categories.
Categorical Data
2 Types of Categorical Variable
- Categorical and Ordinal
- Categorical and Nominal
It has a logical ordering to categorical values.
Categorical and Ordinal
It has no logical ordering to categorical values.
Categorical and Nominal
2 Types of Quantitative Data
- Discrete Variables
- Continuous Variables
