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Psychological Statistics > Introduction to Statistics > Flashcards

Introduction to Statistics Flashcards

1
Q

It refers to a set of mathematical procedures for organizing, summarizing, and interpreting information.

A

Statistics

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2
Q

It is the set of all the individuals of interest in a particular study.

A

Population

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3
Q

It is a set of individuals selected from a population, usually intended to represent the population in a research study.

A

Sample

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4
Q

It is a set of characteristic or condition that changes or has different values for different individuals.

A

Variable

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5
Q

These are measurements or observations.

A

Data

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6
Q

It is a set collection of measurements or observations.

A

Data Set

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7
Q

It is a single measurement or observation and is commonly called a score or raw score.

A

Datum

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8
Q

A value and usually a numerical value that describes a population and is usually derived from measurements of the individuals in the population.

A

Parameter

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9
Q

A value and usually a numerical value that describes a sample and is usually derived from measurements of the individuals in the sample.

A

Statistic

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10
Q

These are statistical procedures used to summarize, organize, and simplify data.

A

Descriptive Statistics

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11
Q

It consists of techniques that allows us to study sample and then make generalizations about the population from which they were selected.

A

Inferential Statistics

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12
Q

It is the naturally occurring discrepancy, or error, that exists between a sample statistics and the corresponding population parameter.

A

Sampling Error

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13
Q

These are typically described by the statistical techniques.

A

Numerical Scores

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14
Q

These are typically described by computing the proportion or percentage in each category.

A

Non-numerical Scores

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15
Q

2 Data Structures to classify Research Methods

A
  1. Correlational Method
  2. Experimental and Non-experimental Method
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16
Q

It is where each individual is represented by a point so that the horizontal position corresponds to the other.

A

Scatter Plot

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17
Q

It is where two different variables are observed to determine whether there is a relationship between them.

A

Correlational Method

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18
Q

A statistic that usually measured and described the relationship between two variable when the data from a correlational study consist of numerical scores.

A

Correlation

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19
Q

A statistical technique that evaluates the relationship between variables for non-numerical data.

A

Chi-Square Test

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20
Q

It is where one variable that is manipulated while another variable is observed and measured and it attempts to control all over variables to prevent them from influencing the results.

A

Experimental Method/Experimental Research Strategy

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21
Q

2 characteristics of Experimental Method

A
  1. Manipulation
  2. Control
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22
Q

It is where the experimenter manipulates one variable by changing its value from one level to another.

A

Manipulation

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23
Q

It is where the researcher must exercise control over the research situation to ensure that other, extraneous variables do not influence the relationship being examined.

A

Control

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24
Q

2 general categories of Variables

A
  1. Participant Variables
  2. Environmental Variables
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25
Q

These are characteristics such as age, gender, and intelligence that vary from one individual to another.

A

Participant Variables

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26
Q

It is when a research study that allows more than one explanation for the results and because it is impossible to reach an unambiguous conclusion.

A

Confounded

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27
Q

These are characteristics of the environment such as lighting, time of the day, and weather conditions.

A

Environmental Variables

28
Q

3 basic techniques to control Variables

A
  1. Random Assignment
  2. Matching
  3. Holding them Constant
29
Q

It means that each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to each of the treatment conditions.

A

Random Assignment

30
Q

It is to ensure equivalent groups or equivalent environments.

A

Matching

31
Q

2 types of Variables

A
  1. Independent Variable
  2. Dependent Variable
32
Q

The variable that is manipulated by the researcher and usually consists of wo or more treatment conditions to which subjects are exposed.

A

Independent Variable

33
Q

It assess the effect of the treatment in independent variable.

A

Dependent Variable

34
Q

Participants that do not receive the experimental treatment and instead, they receive no treatment or they receive a neutral, placebo treatment.

A

Control Condition

35
Q

Participants that receives the experimental treatment.

A

Experimental Condition

36
Q

A research designs that are not true experiments but still examine the relationship between variables by comparing groups of scores.

A

Non-Experiment Methods

37
Q

The compared two groups of scores in non-experimental groups.

A

Non-Equivalent Groups

38
Q

The independent variable in non-experimental study that is used to create the different groups of scores.

A

Quasi-Independent Variable

39
Q

These are internal attributes or characteristics that cannot be directly observed but are useful for describing and explaining behavior.

A

Constructs/Hypothetical Constructs

40
Q

It identifies a measurement procedure or a set of operational definitions for measuring an external behavior and uses the resulting measurements as a definition and a measurement of a hypothetical construct.

A

Operational Definition

41
Q

It consists of separate, indivisible categories and where no values can exist between two neighboring categories.

A

Discrete Variable

42
Q

It consists of an infinite number of possible values that fall between any two observed values and it is divisible into an infinite number of fractional parts.

A

Continuous Variable

43
Q

The measurement category when measuring a continuous variable that must be defined by boundaries.

A

Interval

44
Q

These are boundaries of intervals for scores that are represented on a continuous number line.

A

Real Limits

45
Q

2 types of Real Limits

A
  1. Upper Real Limit
  2. Lower Real Limit
46
Q

It is in the top of the interval.

A

Upper Real Limit

47
Q

It is in the bottom of an interval.

A

Lower Real Limit

48
Q

These are categories used to measure a variable.

A

Scales of Measurement

49
Q

4 different Scales of Measurement

A
  1. Nominal Scale
  2. Ordinal Scale
  3. Interval Scale
  4. Ratio Scale
50
Q

It consists of a set of categories that have different names and it also label and categorize observations, but do not make any quantitative distinctions between observations.

A

Nominal Scale

51
Q

It consists of a set of categories that are organized in an ordered sequence and rank observations in terms of size or magnitude.

A

Ordinal Scale

52
Q

It consists of ordered categories that are all intervals of exactly the same size.

A

Interval Scale

53
Q

It is an interval scale with the additional feature of an absolute zero point.

A

Ratio Scale

54
Q

The letter that represents the scores for a particular variable.

A

X

55
Q

It is used to specify how many scores are in a set and it identifies the number of scores in a population.

A

N

56
Q

The lowercase letter that identifies the number of scores in a sample.

A

n

57
Q

It is used to stand for summation.

A

Sigma

58
Q

Order of Mathematical Operation

A
  1. Parentheses
  2. Squaring
  3. Multiplying/Dividing from left to right.
  4. Summation
  5. Any other addition/subtraction
59
Q

It is where participants are measured at two points in time and researchers cannot control influence of the passage of time.

A

Pre-test/Post-test

60
Q

2 Measures of Variables

A
  1. Quantitative Data
  2. Qualitative Data
61
Q

The data measured in numbers to make sense of it and to perform arithmetic calculations.

A

Quantitative Data

62
Q

It places variables into groups or categories.

A

Categorical Data

63
Q

2 Types of Categorical Variable

A
  1. Categorical and Ordinal
  2. Categorical and Nominal
64
Q

It has a logical ordering to categorical values.

A

Categorical and Ordinal

65
Q

It has no logical ordering to categorical values.

A

Categorical and Nominal

66
Q

2 Types of Quantitative Data

A
  1. Discrete Variables
  2. Continuous Variables

Psychological Statistics (10 decks)

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