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Introduction to raptors Flashcards

1
Q

Define Falconry

A

keeping of falcons (or other prey birds) and training them to hunt wild animals (sport)

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2
Q

What Law in the UK applies to birds of prey ?

A
  • Illegal to take raptors from wild without license except if receiving tx from vet or allowed person
  • Licensing by Defra
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3
Q

IS a license needed to own or fly captive-bred birds of prey ?

A

NO

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4
Q

What act protects wild birds?

A

Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981

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5
Q

Give examples of HAwks

A

Goshawks, Sparrowhawk

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6
Q

Give examples of Falcons

A

Peregrin Falcon , Saker, Merlin, Kestrel

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7
Q

Give examples of Buzzards

A

Common buzzard, harris hawk

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8
Q

What two basic systems for husbandry?

A
  1. Tethered on blocks or perches
  2. Aviaries
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9
Q

What are two perch types?

A

1.Bow
2. Block

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10
Q

What type of perch surfaces?

A
  1. Astroturf
  2. Nylon rope
  3. NAtural materials
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11
Q

Describe Diet for raptors

A
  • Entire carcass and then regurgitate the bones and feather/fur
  • Do not feed pure muscle (not a balanced diet)
  • feeding the same each day will not be balanced
  • Ca:P ratio is important
  • Fresh water for bathing and drinking
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12
Q

What flying ‘furniture’ is there?

A
  • Aylmeri/ Anklet
  • Jesse
  • Swivel
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13
Q

FLight weight?

A

ideal weight for flying (lowest weight that allows optimal performance)

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14
Q

What can cast mean?

A
  • the method to hold a bird for examination
  • To regurgitate a pellet
  • Two or more birds flown together
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15
Q

What does Cast off mean?

A

released from the fist

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16
Q

Casting ?

A

indigestible part of the diet

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17
Q

Foot / footing?

A

when a bird strikes with its feet

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18
Q

Imping?

A

Replacement of damaged feathers, gluing a new tip onto a broken feather (allows precision in flying)

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19
Q

Define Mutes

A

droppings/ faeces

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20
Q

Define Manned (to man)

A

a bird that has been tamed and is used to humans

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21
Q

Define Mews

A

building that a bird is kept/trained in

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22
Q

Define Hood

A

leather ap that overs a birds face, used to calm birds

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23
Q

Describe how to safely handle a bird of prey?

A
  • Always cast a bird of prey to examine it
  • If the bird is used to a hood always hood first to reduce stress
  • Always watch FEET not beak!
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24
Q

How to Cast bird?

A
  • Using towel grasp from behind around wings/body
  • Wrap in towel and ideally cover head
  • DO NOT RESTRICT BREATHING
  • Hold legs
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25
List common conditions of raptors?
» Aspergillosis » Enteritis » Coccidiosis » Capillaria » Lead Poisoning » Crop Stasis » Frost Bite » Wing tip oedema » Pododermatisis » Blunt Trauma » Fractures
26
aspergillosis in birds - describe
- Fungal spores in environment - Individual birds susceptible - FOund in moulds within soil, feed and hay
27
What does aspergillosis cause?
- Fungal pneumonia, air sacculitis and granulomas - Acute and chronic forms
28
What signs of Aspergillosis
- weight loss - Lethargy - Bhvr change/ poor performance - Voice change (acute EMERGENCY)
29
How to Diagnose Aspergillosis ?
- Bloods - PCR blood test - Radiographs - Endoscopy culture cytology histopath
30
Tx for Aspergillosis
- Surgery (endoscopy) to remove plaques - Nebulisation - Medical (voriconazole) - Hygiene (antifungals ..)
31
What is the main clinical sign of Enteritis?
Abnormal mutes but also V+ or regurg, melena or undigested food in the faeces and anorexia
32
Causes of enteritis?
- bacterial - Viral - Fungal - Endoparasites - Toxicity - other
33
How severe is acute enteritis?
EMERGENCY - need supportive care/ fluids
34
What kind of work up to do for enteritis?
Faecal parasitology, haematology, biochemistry, imaging with a crop wash/ culture
35
What does white plaques in mouth mean? (DDX? )
Capilaria, Trichomonas, candida, pox virus
36
Capillaria Characteristics
- Most common nematode in raptors CLS: hea shaking, white/ yellow plaques in mouth, D+, weight loss, lethargy Dx: faecal parasitology Tx: fenbendazole
37
Trichomonas - what is it & how do they get it
- Protozoa affecting mouth, oesophagus and crop - Common in birds of prey eating pigeons - TO prevent always freeze pigeons before defrosting and feeding
38
CLS, Dx, Tx Trichomonas?
CLS: white/ yellow plaques in mouth and head flicking Dx: moving flagella and microscopic exam of plaques with saline Tx: metronidazole or carnidazole
39
How do birds of prey get lead poisoning ?
exposure = eating shot wildlife (lead pellets)
40
CLS LEad poisoning?
Lethargy, anaemia, GI signs, neuro signs
41
Diagnosis of lead poisoning ?
- Bloods - nonregen anaemia, liver and kidney damage - Xray - radio-opaque lead particles in GIT tract - Blood lead levels to confirm toxicity
42
Treatment for Lead poisoning ?
- REMOVE LEAD (small particles pass through 4-5d, bigger particles endoscope or surgery) - Calcium EDTA chelating drug - Supportive care
43
Causes of crop stasis?
- Crop infection - Inappropriate food - Dehydration - Low body condition - Over full crop/ over gorging
44
Presentation of crop stasis?
Patient may appear bright with a distended crop or collapsed and in shock (toxaemia)
45
What should u do for crop stasis?
always, remove content of the crop first of all, even though GA is risky
46
Tx for crop stasis?
Ingluviotomy, antifungal, antibiotics, supportive care
47
Crop stasis - when should u feed bird?
Never feed a bird of prey is a cast has not yet been regurgitated = risk of GIT obstruction
48
What is WTONS?
Wing tip Oedema and Necrosis Syndrome
49
What is WTONS caused by? Signs ?
- Reduced blood flow to wing tips- unknown cause - Feather loss, oedema and necrotic tissue at the tip of wings
50
Tx , Dx, Prevention?
Tx: vascular stimulants (isoxsuprine) Dx: Radiograph - carpus bone involvement ? Prevention: keep birds warm and dry
51
Head Trauma signs?
Always do ophtalmic exam with found wild birds fo prey
52
Describe ophtalmic exam for head trauma?
» No tapetum lucidum (no reflection of light). » Pecten - function is to supply blood to the retina. » Always check for ocular hemorrhage. » If sight is poor (suggesting complete detachment of the pecten) prognosis is poor.
53
Pododermatitis - clinical grades?
54
What causes of pododermatitis in birds of prey?
- Injury - Self injury - Incorrect perch/ perch covering - Poor perch hygiene - Obesity - hypovitaminosis A
55
What organisms are commonly involved in pododermatitis?
Staphs, E.coli, Proteus, candida
56
Type 1 treatment for pododermatitis?
- Balanced diet - Clean environment - Cover perches - Handle and fly more/ free loft
57
Type 2-3 Tx for pododermatitis?
- C& S - Oral antibiotics - F10 barrier cream (fungal and bacteria)
58
Type 4-5 Tx , same as type 2-3 PLUS?
- surgery to debride and shell out puss/ necrotic core - Dressings
59
What fractures are common?
Tibiotarsal and wing fractures due to trauma are common (hybrid fixation best)
60
What Fracture repair methods ?
- Cage rest only - External stabilisation (if bone too small for internal stabilisation) - Internal fixation (IM pins) - 'Hybrid' fixation (IM pins with external skeletal fixators
61
Describe blood sampling in rapotrs?
- Jugular vein preferred site - Brachial wing vein can be used - Medial metatarsal vein great but CARE with feet
62
What fluids for emergency care?
- IV fluids - if collapsed can do 10ml/kg/min bolus - IO fluids - Sterile insertion - Distal ulnar or proximal tibia 10ml/kh/hr - Crop tube fluids (12ml/kg) if owl use a stomach tube 8ml/kg
63
What other emergency care?
- Analgesia - NSAIDs, butorphanol, buprenorphine - Intubate or air sac cannula if not breathing - Crop or stomach tube nutrients/ fluids (12ml/kg)
64
Oral medication
via crop/ stomach tube or inject / insert medication into meat/carcass feeds - use flexible tube to feed
65
Muscle injections
Caudal third of pectoral muscles Avoid leg muscles due to RENAL PORTAL SYSTEM
66
S/C injection?
poor absorption rate
67
Why should you avoid muscular injections?
irritable substances & can affect flight/ performance

rdm (26 decks)

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