Atriodactyl Flashcards
What is the order for Artiodactyls?
Atriodactyla (or certartiodactyla)
What are Artriodactyl?
- Even toed ungulates
- Ruminants, suids, hippos, camelids/pseudo-ruminants
- Does NOT include equids, tapir, rhinos
Nutriton of Atriodacyls?
- Browers
- Grazers
- Omnivores
- Trace elements and mineral requirements
- UV/Vit D
- Vit E/ Selenium
- Afffects hoof growth
Bhvr of Atriodactyls?
- MEthod of feeding affects bhvr
- Prey species -> stress, hide symptoms, respond by running away, herd animals
- Capacity for domestication & training
What Bhvr/environment rq?
- Pigs: rooting materials/ ground
- Deer: rubbing posts or trees for antler velvet
- Giraffids: enough browse
- Herd stands for hoof wear in antelopes
Describe training of Atriodactyls?
- Operant conditioning
- Reduces stress of procedure, & need for GA
- Enrichment?
Important for hoof care, entering box/trailer, hand injection, blodo draws
what purpose of enrichment?
- Stimulate natural bhvr
- Reduce stereotypies & boredom
- Improve welfare
Enrichment considerations?
- Enclosure design: complex or changing
- Company - conspecifics or mixed spcies
- Presentation of food
- ‘toys’
What 5 categories of enrichment to consider?
- Social
- cognitive
- Physical habitat
- Sensory
- Food
what preventative medicine & planning ?
*ID of individuals, vet records
* Vaccinations
* Pasture management
*Import procedures
* Regular or opportunistic
disease testing (incl parasite
checks)
Preventative medicine and planning
* Nutrition
* Hoofcare
* Breeding plan
* Training
* Enrichment
* Facilities for ill
animals, quarantine
What monitoring of preventative medicine can we do?
- Keeper checks
- Record keeping – software such as ZIMS
*Neonatal checks - Body condition monitoring
Internal parasites?
- Wide range
- Testing protocol
- Tx if pos
- Rotate wormers
- Parasite burdens for wild ro rewilded animals
Vaccinations?
- Assess risk and benefit? all off label
- Clostridial vaccines
-HAemonchus contortus
Johne’s dx
Contraception ?
-Based on studbook recommendations
- EAZA reprod management group collect data
- seasonal breeders -separate them
- Castration or vasectomy
- Implants (deslorelin) for females
- Improvac immunocontraception - giraffe males
- Oral (regumate)
Pre-import testing?
- Source
- Dx free declarations
- Pre-import testing for infectious dx
- Pre-import health screen
Common conditions?
- Trauma (intra or inter-specific aggression or enclosure)
- Abscesses
- PArasites
- Hoof issues
Describe abscesses?
- ‘lumpy jaw’ dx
- Abscesses secondary to trauma
- Dental abscesses
why can we get hoof issues?
- Nutritional imbalances
- Inappropriate substrate
Neonate issues?
- Hypothermia
- Failure to feed
- Mismothering
- Sepsis
Detail clinical approach to artiodacyls?
- Species knowledge
- Individual and group history
- Environment, diet, social groupings
- Visual examination
- Non-invasive sampling – faecals,
urine - Clinical examination +/- blood
samples – if possible - Consider symptomatic treatment
- GA for further diagnostic workup
What options for restraint?
- Training
- Manual restraint
- Boarding
- Crush or tamer
- Standing sedation
- General anaesthetic
Cause of Capture myopathy?
- Exertion
- Hyperthermia
- Stress
- Poor nutritional status
CLS & pathophysiology of capture myopathy?
- stiffness, weakness, tremors, ataxia, lameness, rapid breathing, dark red urine
Rhabdomyolysis -> myoglobinuria -> AKi -> Death
onset hours-days
What complications can we get in ruminants?
- Regurg / aspiration
- Bloat
Risk factors:
- Positioning
- Consider intubation
- Anaesthetic length
What zoonoses to consider ?
(similar to farm)
- Bovine TB
- Bacterial GI
- Ringworm
- Orf
- Toxoplasma
- Brucella
- ANthrax
- Rabies
Aims of a necropsy?
- Diagnosis
- Incidental / concurrent dx
- Collect data
- Collect samples
- Comply with legislation
Necropsy prep?
- History (ID & signalment, time of death, enclosure/ area, medical H)
- Equipment (sales, blades PPE, sample pots)
WEIGH the carcass
Necropsy - external exam?
- Identification: microchip, ear tags
- Coat or hair
- Dental disease
- Trauma
- Body condition
- Scavenger damage
- Autolysis, fly eggs, maggots etc.
How to go through the necropsy?
- Position the carcass
- Work through the organs systematically
- Examine them in situ before removing for closer exam/sampling
What things to look for in body systems?
- Abdominal organs->
Liver, kidneys, spleen, GIT, reproductive organs,
bladder, lymph nodes
-> Ingesta - Thoracic organs-> Trachea, lungs, heart, pericardium, mediastinum
> Diaphragm – negative pressure - Musculoskeletal system-> Joints
*Neurological system
Sampling for Necropsy?
- Formalin samples (major organs, abnormal tissues or lesions & brain)
- Swabs, body fluids, frozen tissue
- Genetic analysis (ethanol, hair)
- Blood/serum
