Introduction to Psychology Chapter 12 (Social Development) Flashcards
Explain attachment literally and figuratively
Literally: latching onto somebody or something
Figuratively: emotional ties
How did Harlow show the role of physical contact in attachment
Gave a baby monkey the choice between a mother which provides milk and a mother which provides warmth
–> warmth overweights food in development
Explain attachment in people
The bond between parent and child is a consequence in both partners
The babies emotions reflect the actions of the parents
Attachment is the strongest between 8 months and 3 years as the baby is in the most danger at that time
What is a good way to measure the quality of attachment
You put the child in a midly threatening situation
–> different behaviour of children
Explain the different types of attachment in quality
- Secure attachment (explore room with mother, get upset if mother leaves)
- Insecure resistant (anxious even with mother, get very upset if mother leaves and also resist when mother resist)
- Insecure avoidance (little distress when mother leaves, avoid mother when she returns)
- Disorganised/disoriented (children do not fit into a category because of inconsistency)
Whats the relationship between sensitive care and secure attachment
sensitive care
- physical contact
- fast and helpful reactions to signals of discomfort
- synchronous interaction (smiling at each other)
- -> leads to secure attachment
Both the babies and the parents behaviour is important here, but attachment is also partly from genetics
Explain cultural differences in parent responses to babies
There are intercultural differences which show that humanity is flexible
In Africa there is a lot more physical contact to the baby
Should you respond or not respond to crying
Crying followed by a reward should lead to more crying (law of effect) but it doesn’t
–> responding to crying raises children who feel connected to their social network
Explain the consequences of secure attachment
Babies derive an internal model from their attachment style with the mother that influences all their future relationship
In reality securely attached babies will become more confident and better thinkers, more healthy and social
What are prosocial drives and prosocial behaviours
Voluntary behaviour that is beneficial to others.
After the first year babies start giving objects to others
Young children (18-30 months) want to help with everything and also show empathy
How do babies learn from other
- Observational learning (imitating and emulating)
Here humans engage in overimitation in comparison to chimpanzees, as they believe doing even irrelevant parts works towards a bigger aim - Social learning (warmth and control)
Explain the four styles of parenting
- Authoritarian (extensive use of power)
- Authoritative (explain the reason for rules and desired behaviour)
- Permissive (little correction of undesired behaviour)
- Uninvolved (not asking for anything but also not giving anything back either)
Which parenting style is best
Children with authoritative parents are more social and helpful as it involves warmth and control
–> maybe not causal, but experiments show causal realtionship
Explain development by playing in form of social interactions
Play in a mixed age group is much less competitive, older children lead and young follow and learn
Children in areas where violence and murder is more common are fighting a lot more, as a result of play and preparing for adulthood where violence is common
Many of modern forms of highcultures probably came from playing
Explain gender differences in social development
Gender is culturally determined differences which are ascribee by sex (gender roles)
Sex is biological
Are gender roles and stereotypes nature or nurture
In newborns boys are irretaded more frequently and are less receptive to voices
After 6 months boys are more agressive, girls are more obedient
But also parents treat boys different than girls
–> explain more to boys but talk more with girls
Explain adolescence
It’s the transition from child to adult
Starts with puberty and ends with acceptance as being adult
What happens to the relationship with friends and parents in adolescence
Tied with friends grow stronger
while ties with parents get weaker
Explain generation conflict
In reality it’s no big deal, as there is no big conflict about norms bit more about parental control and independence
Explain recklessness and violence in adolescence
Adolescence are more reckless when in company with peers (traffic signal game)
This is due to a conflict between the cognitive neural network (planning and rational thinking) and the socioemotional network (reward with limbic system) which is dominant when peers are present
Explain evolutionary view on development in it’s four aspects
Development is shaped by natural selection
–> attachment happens to all species because bonding allows the child to survive
–> play happens in all cultures because it develops skills for surviving
–> interaction with peers is important because children will reproduce with peers instead of family
–> difference in sexual development because females have much more parental investment
Explain the sexual difference with the absense of father
Children are sensitive to cues related to choosing a sexual strategy
Absence of a caring father leads to promiscuous behaviour in both sexes, cause they think that relationships last short and have to be used excessevly
Why do children cry in the absense of the mother
Because from evolutionary perspective it meant that they are in more danger, children who cried and made their mother come back or not leave survived better
Children cry most when they are able to move around and explore as that is the time when it is most dangerous
What are the two big ideas of why children play
Piaget: children learn about rules, morals and limits
Vygotsky: Children develop self control though play
