Introduction to Psychology Chapter 12 (Social Development)

Question 1

Explain attachment literally and figuratively

Answer 1

Literally: latching onto somebody or something
Figuratively: emotional ties

Question 2

How did Harlow show the role of physical contact in attachment

Answer 2

Gave a baby monkey the choice between a mother which provides milk and a mother which provides warmth

–> warmth overweights food in development

Question 3

Explain attachment in people

Answer 3

The bond between parent and child is a consequence in both partners
The babies emotions reflect the actions of the parents

Attachment is the strongest between 8 months and 3 years as the baby is in the most danger at that time

Question 4

What is a good way to measure the quality of attachment

Answer 4

You put the child in a midly threatening situation

–> different behaviour of children

Question 5

Explain the different types of attachment in quality

Answer 5

1. Secure attachment (explore room with mother, get upset if mother leaves)
2. Insecure resistant (anxious even with mother, get very upset if mother leaves and also resist when mother resist)
3. Insecure avoidance (little distress when mother leaves, avoid mother when she returns)
4. Disorganised/disoriented (children do not fit into a category because of inconsistency)

Question 6

Whats the relationship between sensitive care and secure attachment

Answer 6

sensitive care

• physical contact
• fast and helpful reactions to signals of discomfort
• synchronous interaction (smiling at each other)
• -> leads to secure attachment

Both the babies and the parents behaviour is important here, but attachment is also partly from genetics

Question 7

Explain cultural differences in parent responses to babies

Answer 7

There are intercultural differences which show that humanity is flexible

In Africa there is a lot more physical contact to the baby

Question 8

Should you respond or not respond to crying

Answer 8

Crying followed by a reward should lead to more crying (law of effect) but it doesn’t

–> responding to crying raises children who feel connected to their social network

Question 9

Explain the consequences of secure attachment

Answer 9

Babies derive an internal model from their attachment style with the mother that influences all their future relationship

In reality securely attached babies will become more confident and better thinkers, more healthy and social

Question 10

What are prosocial drives and prosocial behaviours

Answer 10

Voluntary behaviour that is beneficial to others.

After the first year babies start giving objects to others

Young children (18-30 months) want to help with everything and also show empathy

Question 11

How do babies learn from other

Answer 11

1. Observational learning (imitating and emulating)
   Here humans engage in overimitation in comparison to chimpanzees, as they believe doing even irrelevant parts works towards a bigger aim
2. Social learning (warmth and control)

Question 12

Explain the four styles of parenting

Answer 12

1. Authoritarian (extensive use of power)
2. Authoritative (explain the reason for rules and desired behaviour)
3. Permissive (little correction of undesired behaviour)
4. Uninvolved (not asking for anything but also not giving anything back either)

Question 13

Which parenting style is best

Answer 13

Children with authoritative parents are more social and helpful as it involves warmth and control

–> maybe not causal, but experiments show causal realtionship

Question 14

Explain development by playing in form of social interactions

Answer 14

Play in a mixed age group is much less competitive, older children lead and young follow and learn
Children in areas where violence and murder is more common are fighting a lot more, as a result of play and preparing for adulthood where violence is common
Many of modern forms of highcultures probably came from playing

Question 15

Explain gender differences in social development

Answer 15

Gender is culturally determined differences which are ascribee by sex (gender roles)

Sex is biological

Question 16

Are gender roles and stereotypes nature or nurture

Answer 16

In newborns boys are irretaded more frequently and are less receptive to voices

After 6 months boys are more agressive, girls are more obedient

But also parents treat boys different than girls
–> explain more to boys but talk more with girls

Question 17

Explain adolescence

Answer 17

It’s the transition from child to adult

Starts with puberty and ends with acceptance as being adult

Question 18

What happens to the relationship with friends and parents in adolescence

Answer 18

Tied with friends grow stronger

while ties with parents get weaker

Question 19

Explain generation conflict

Answer 19

In reality it’s no big deal, as there is no big conflict about norms bit more about parental control and independence

Question 20

Explain recklessness and violence in adolescence

Answer 20

Adolescence are more reckless when in company with peers (traffic signal game)
This is due to a conflict between the cognitive neural network (planning and rational thinking) and the socioemotional network (reward with limbic system) which is dominant when peers are present

Question 21

Explain evolutionary view on development in it’s four aspects

Answer 21

Development is shaped by natural selection
–> attachment happens to all species because bonding allows the child to survive

–> play happens in all cultures because it develops skills for surviving

–> interaction with peers is important because children will reproduce with peers instead of family

–> difference in sexual development because females have much more parental investment

Question 22

Explain the sexual difference with the absense of father

Answer 22

Children are sensitive to cues related to choosing a sexual strategy
Absence of a caring father leads to promiscuous behaviour in both sexes, cause they think that relationships last short and have to be used excessevly

Question 23

Why do children cry in the absense of the mother

Answer 23

Because from evolutionary perspective it meant that they are in more danger, children who cried and made their mother come back or not leave survived better
Children cry most when they are able to move around and explore as that is the time when it is most dangerous

Question 24

What are the two big ideas of why children play

Answer 24

Piaget: children learn about rules, morals and limits
Vygotsky: Children develop self control though play

Question 25

Why do children act in a gender stererotypical way, and why are more females moving into male roles than the other way around

Answer 25

Children act in these ways to announce their way to becoming sexually viable
Children across all cultures prefer to play with children from the same sex in childhood (not in mixed age)
More females are joining male stereotypes as the male role may be considered the more powerful one. Even parents dont like it when boys switch to girls roles, as they are weak

Question 26

Explain the positive and negative effects of peer pressure

Answer 26

Peer pressure can be negative when childen engage in negative behaviour, but it can also be positive to enhance comitment to school and prevent bad behaviour, as it is seen in Asia

Question 27

Why do woman live longer than males

Answer 27

Males reproduction potential is a lot more variable and is dependent on what females think of the male, as well as the position in the hierachy.
Males who engaged in risks like fighting:
1. had a higher position in the hierachy (this is why fights break out most of the time when others challenge their status) (this is also why females engage in fighting)
2. had more chances with females as females value men who are capable of defending themselves

Question 28

Explain two theories why adolescence act more reckless and violent in relation to adults

Answer 28

1. Adolescence want to identify with adults (crime and risktaking is seen as adulty)
2. Adolescence want to impress peers and produce their own culture and values

Question 29

*Explain the 5 stages of moral reasoning

Answer 29

1. Obedience (stops at 16)
2. Self interest (goes down until 24)
3. Interpersonal (peaks at 18 years)
4. Law and Order (starts early and grows without stop)
5. Human rights and Social welfare (starts at 17 and grows without stop)

Question 30

*Explain sexual development in homosexuals

Answer 30

most find out of their attraction to the same sex between the age of 8 and 10, even tho many find out only after they had years of hetero relationship
most go public at the age of 18

Question 31

In what enviroments is promiscuity the most common

Answer 31

In comunities where men show more investment there is less promiscuity as in the other way around, as male and female are used to the fact that relationships are longterm.

This is also why girls and boys where the dad left early engage in more promiscuity, as they believe that short term relationships are normal and

Question 32

What are the ingredients to a good mariage

Answer 32

• consistently showing love
• respect between both (similar to friendship)
• constructive argumentation
• “teamspirit”
• -> often it is the man that has to learn how to react to unspoken needs and emotions

Question 33

What does romantic love have in common with infant relationship to mother

Answer 33

the attachment style in infancy works as a model for adult relationship

• security in love
• anxiety about love
• avoidance of love

Question 34

What makes a good work life

Answer 34

The job has to be

• complex rather than simple
• not closely supervised
• more varied than routine
• -> self direction (the worker makes more choices and progress) like in entrepreneurship

Question 35

What are the consequences of self direction

Answer 35

Self direction has positive effects no matter what salary or position
it results in better and more flexible lifestyles, which are also often refelcted and used when rasing a child

Question 36

Why do woman have more fun to work outside and men have more fun working inside home

Answer 36

Because at these places there is no responsibilty and obligation, they are doing these things not because they have to but because they choose to do so

Question 37

Why do older people become more satisfied with life

Answer 37

Because they dont focus on sacrificing the present for the future and life for the moment
They value their current relationships more than trying to make new ones
This also happens when a persons expectancy is shortened
Older people also have better memory and attention for positive stimulus

Question 38

What are most peoples reaction to approaching death

Answer 38

Middle aged people are most afraid of death
there are the 5 stages with denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance
There is the theory that people review their life
There also is the theory that people die like they live