Introduction to Psychology Chapter 10 (Reasoning and Intelligence) Flashcards
What does the IQ test “really” measure
- abstract reasoning
- problem solving
- Ability to aquire knowledge
What’s an analogy in psychology
It is any percieved similarity between otherwise different objects, actions, events or situations, ecpecially in behaviour, function or realtionships.
For example baseball glove and butterfly net
What’s the advantage of using analogies
Using analogies involves analytical thinking (which is important for critical thinking), and it is the basis for finding new ideas and bases.
It can also be convincing in discussions, which is why it is often used in jidical and political situations.
What brain parts are involved when using analogical reasoning
Multiple areas of the prefrontal cortex
What is inductive reasoning
Inductive reasoning is reasoning that is founded on percieved analogies and other similarities. It is an attempt to make up a new proposition or rule from observations or facts that serve as clues, which why it is also called hypothesis construction.
Explain how the availability bias is often involved in inductive reasoning
Availability heuristic bias: giving too much weight to information that comes easily to mind (more deaths in murders instead of diabetes) (often problematic in diagnosises)
Explain how the confirmation biases is involved in inductive reasoning
It’s is when you tend to look at information that proves your theory.
It happens to low IQ as much as high IQ people
Explain how the predictable world bias is invved in inductive reasoning
Seeing patters and predicting results in random and independent events.
Happens very often in gambeling
What is deductive reasoning and it’s difference to inductive reasoning
Deduction is the making of conclusions from proved data. Induction is the making of conclusions from guessed patterns.
Deduction is when saying that when you are 188 cm, you are taller than one meter fifty.
Mathematics is deductive reasoning
What is a syllogism
It is a deduction from several arguments which belong together. It can be faulty.
All dogs have 4 legs. All cats have for legs. Therefore all cats are dogs.
What is insight
Insight is solving a difficult problem by looking at it in a different way. It involves induction and deduction most of the time. A good example is the candle light problem.
What is functional fixedness in insight
It is when seeing things and tools only in one way, which may be good in a more efficient use of the tool, but will reduce insight.
What 3 things improve insight
- Incubation period (taking time of the problem where the mind thinks about it unconsciously)
- A happy playful frame of mind (as negative emotions fixes the mind in a normal way to adapt to the situation, while happyness increases playfulness and allows new things to try out)
- Creativity
What and how much does IQ correlate to
- Academic success (0.3 to 0.7)
2. Career succrss (0.2 to 0.6)
What is IQ determined by
By genes AND enviroment
Its like a inflated balloon (air and thickness)6
What is the difference between east Asia and American thinking
Americans think more about the intrinsic conditions for a behaviour (feelings and motivation), while Asians think more about extrinsic (family, wealth). This may be because of the local ancient philosophy
Explain general intelligence and what it consists of
General intelligence is a single factor that contributes to all types of mental performance. It is measured by g, and consists of
- Fluid intelligence (percieving relationship between stimuli without previous knowledge of them)
- Crystallised intelligence (percieving relationship between stimuli through previous knowledge)
Explain heritability and how it is measured
Heritability is the degree to which variation is because of genetics instead of enviroment. It measures a particular trait whithin a particular population. It is measured by the heritability coefficient, which ranges from 0 to 1.0
If the enviroment between individuals is identical, heritability coefficient is 1.0
Explain the formula which measures heritability from identical and nonidentical twins
Heritability = (r identical twins - r nonidentical twins) x 2
It measures the difference between identical and nonidentical twins, and takes it times two as nonidentical twins are only 50% identical
Why is the IQ heritability coefficient higher for adults than for children
Because most of the IQ that is gained or lost because of the way parents raised is lost in adulthood, which is seen in adoptive siblings. In adulthood everybody chooses their own way.
IQ is similar to a muscle
What influences IQ
IQ is influences by the leisures and careers a person does. The more creative and demanding a job or hobby is, the greater the IQ develops.
This is why old people who still do stuff and work keep their mental IQ longer
For how much is enviroment and genetics responsible for IQ
The heritability coefficient for IQ is between 30 and 50% for children, but more than 50% for adults.
The heritability coefficient for children with high education is 0.74, while it is 0.26 for children with low education. This is because most of the differences in IQ is because of harmful events
Explain the problems when measuring difference in IQ between cultures and races
- Most of the studies only study a population, which have similar enviroment. This results in high H.
- Most of the studies that compare between populations don’t take into account that the enviroment is different between them.
- An involuntary minority status is often the reason why people confirm it and perform lower on tests
Explaint he Flynn effect
The Flynn effect is the increasing average in IQ tests. This may be because of better education and being presented with new ideas, information and problems all the time.
