Introduction to Psychology

Question 1

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes

Answer 1

Psychology

Question 2

Meaning of “psyche”

Answer 2

Soul

Question 3

Meaning of “logos”

Answer 3

study

Question 4

He wrote about the relationship of
the soul to the body (with the
two being aspects of the same
underlying structure).

Answer 4

Aristotle

Question 5

He felt the soul could exist
separately from the body, a
view that has become
known as dualism.

Answer 5

Plato

Question 6

He agreed with Plato and believed
that the pineal gland
(a small organ at the base of
the brain involved in sleep) was
the seat of the soul

Answer 6

Rene Descartes

Question 7

Father of Psychology

Answer 7

Wilhelm Wundt

Question 8

He created Structuralism

Answer 8

Edward Titchener

Question 9

He created Functionalism

Answer 9

William James

Question 10

He created Gestalt Psychology

Answer 10

Max Wertheimer

Question 11

He created Psychoanalysis

Answer 11

Sigmund Freud

Question 12

He created Behaviorism

Answer 12

Ivan Pavlov

Question 13

Leader of Behavioral Perspective

Answer 13

B.F. Skinner

Question 14

This is a reaction to both psychoanalytic theory and behaviorism. People have free will and strive for self-actualization.

Answer 14

Humanistic Perspective

Question 15

A motivational theory that outlines the stages individuals must fulfill to reach self-actualization

Answer 15

Hierarchy of Needs

Question 16

Proposed the Hierarchy of Needs

Answer 16

Abraham Maslow

Question 17

Developed person-centered therapy, emphasizing empathy,
unconditional positive regard, and active listening

Answer 17

Carl Rogers

Question 18

Interest in studying the processes of thought; focus on memory, intelligence, perception, thought processes,
problem solving, language, and learning

Answer 18

Cognitive Perspective

Question 19

Examines the physical workings of the
brain and nervous system during cognitive activities like
memory, thinking, and decision-making.

Answer 19

cognitive
neuroscience

Question 20

the
study of groups, social roles, and rules of social actions and
relationships

Answer 20

social psychology

Question 21

the study of
cultural norms, values, and expectations.

Answer 21

cultural psychology

Question 22

Combines social psychology and cultural psychology

Answer 22

Sociocultural Perspective

Question 23

The presence of other people actually lessened
the chances that a person in trouble would receive help; the tendency to feel that someone else is responsible for
taking action when others are present

Answer 23

Bystander Effect

Question 24

Human and animal behavior is seen as a direct result of events
in the body; study of the physical
structure, function, and development of the nervous system

Answer 24

Biopsychological Perspective

Question 25

focuses on the biological bases for universal mental characteristics that all humans share

Answer 25

Evolutionary Perspective

Question 26

no medical training but has a doctorate degree

Answer 26

Psychologist

Question 27

has a medical degree and is a physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment (including the prescription of medications) of psychological disorders

Answer 27

Psychiatrist

Question 28

trained in the area of social work and usually possesses a master’ s degree in that discipline, focus more on the environmental conditions that can have an impact on mental disorders

Answer 28

Psychiatric Social Worker

Question 29

research for the sake of gaining scientific knowledge (e.g., how many“things” a person can hold in memory at any one time)

Answer 29

Basic Research

Question 30

Research aimed at answering real-world, practical problems

Answer 30

Applied Research

Question 31

Steps in the Scientific Approach

Answer 31

Perceiving the Question, Forming a Hypothesis, Testing the Hypothesis, Drawing conclusions, Report your Results

Question 32

Descriptive Methods

Answer 32

Naturalistic Observation, Laboratory Observation, Case Studies, Surveys

Question 33

Allows researchers to get a realistic picture of how behavior occurs because they are actually watching that behavior in its natural setting

Answer 33

Naturalistic Observation

Question 34

sometimes observing behavior in animals or people is just not practical in a natural setting

Answer 34

Laboratory Observation

Question 35

One individual is studied in great detail

Answer 35

Case Studies

Question 36

can be conducted in person in the form of interviews or on the telephone, the Internet, or with a questionnaire

Answer 36

surveys

Question 37

some people deliberately give the answer they think is more socially correct rather than their true opinion so that no one gets offended in a process

Answer 37

Courtesy Bias

Question 38

tell researchers if there is a relationship between the variables, how strong the relationship is, and in what direction the relationship goes

Answer 38

Correlations

Question 39

Only method that will allow researchers to determine the cause of a behavior

Answer 39

Experiment

Question 40

specifically names the operations (steps or procedures) that the experimenter must use

Answer 40

Operationalization

Question 41

variable that is manipulated, independent of anything the participants do

Answer 41

Independent Variable

Question 42

response of the participants, always the thing (response of subjects or result of some action) that is measured to see just how the independent variable may have affected it

Answer 42

Dependent Variable

Question 43

The phenomenon in which the expectations of the participants in a study can influence their behavior

Answer 43

Placebo Effect

Question 44

tendency of the experimenter’ s expectations for a study to unintentionally influence the results of the study; they see what they expect to see; it’ s possible that the researcher could give the participants clues about how they are supposed to respond — through the use of body language, tone of voice, or even eye contact

Answer 44

Experimenter Effect

Question 45

focus of study was the structure of the mind ; every experience could be broken down into its individual emotions and sensations

Answer 45

Structuralism

Question 46

Importance of consciousness to everyday life rather than just its analysis ; how the mind allows people to function in the real world

Answer 46

Functionalism

Question 47

psychological events such as perceiving and sensing could not be broken down into any smaller elements and still be properly understood ; “The whole is greater than the sum of its parts”

Answer 47

Gestalt Psychology

Question 48

Stressed the importance of early childhood experiences, believing that personality was formed in the first 6 years of life ; all behavior stems from unconscious motivation

Answer 48

Psychoanalysis

Question 49

showed that a reflex (an involuntary reaction) could be caused to occur in response to a formerly unrelated stimulus

Answer 49

Behaviorism

Question 50

include the unconscious mind and its influence over conscious behavior and on early childhood experiences, but with less of an emphasis on sex and sexual motivations and more emphasis on the development of a sense of self, social and interpersonal relationships, and the discovery of other motivations behind a person ’ s behavior

Answer 50

Psychodynamic Perspective

Question 51

behavioral responses that are followed by pleasurable consequences are strengthened, or reinforced

Answer 51

Operant Conditioning