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Pharmacology > Introduction to Pharmacology > Flashcards

Introduction to Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Passed to motivate development and provision of new, effective drugs for rare diseases

A

Orphan Drug Act

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2
Q

5 Sources of Drugs

A
  1. Plants
  2. Animals and Humans
  3. Minerals or Mineral Products
  4. Laboratory- Produced chemicals
  5. DNA- Produced drugs
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3
Q

Drug Approval Process

A
  1. Animal studies: tested on at least 2 animal species
  2. Clinical Trials:
    a. Phase 1: tested in healthy volunteers to compare with animal data, safe doses
    b. Phase 2: 50-300 patients in a double blind studies
    c. Phase 3: Larger patient group (1000s) lasting several years to evaluate efficiency and side effects
    d. Phase 4: “New drug submission” to HPFB (Health Products and Food Branched)
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4
Q

States it’s chemical composition and molecular structure

A

Chemical Name

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5
Q

Manufacturer that created the drug usually gives its name

A

Generic Name

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6
Q

Manufacturer registered a drug using a trademark

A

Trade Name

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7
Q

Pediatric Considerations

A

Pediatric patients may require smaller dosing of medications or smaller amount because of higher concentration. Commonly based on weight and body surface area

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8
Q

Geriatric Considerations

A

Geriatric patients may be taking multiple medications

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9
Q

Governs the productions, registration, distribution and, possession of narcotic and controlled substances

A

Controlled Drug and Substance Act

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10
Q

Controlled Substance/Narcotics must be:

A
  1. Under lock and key storage
  2. On an ACP person
  3. All narcotics must be accounted for:
    a. Administration
    b. Wasted
    c. Expired
    d. Broken
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11
Q

A mixture of one or more substances entirely dissolved in water.
Ex. Normal saline, Nitro, D50W

A

Solutions

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12
Q

A liquid with small particles of a solid dispersed, but not dissolved
Ex. Activated Charcoal

A

Suspensions

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13
Q

A gelatin container used for single dose drug administration

A

Capsules

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14
Q

A small solid mass of medicinal powder

A

Tablets

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15
Q

A mixtures of a drug that is formed into a firm semi-solid cylinder or cone shaped mass that melts at body temperature

A

Suppositories

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16
Q

A has or mixtures of gases or water vapours intended inhaled

A

Inhalants

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17
Q

A colloid or glue-like substance finely subdivided in the form of a mist

A

Aerosols

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18
Q

A small sealed single-dose container of liquid injectable

A

Ampules

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19
Q

A small glass or plastic bottle containing on or more doses of a liquid injectable drug

A

Vials

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20
Q

A single-dose glass cartridge containing a liquid injectable drug. Syringe supplied already containing the drug, ready for assembly and injection

A

Pre-filled Syringes

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21
Q

In the preparation the liquid and solvent vial is mixed with the powdered solute. The resulting reconstituted preparation is then drawn up and administered

A

Vial of Powder Solute and Vial of Liquid Solvent

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22
Q

A jet of fine particles of liquid medicine are discharged from an atomizer or other device for direct application to a surface

A

Spray

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23
Q

A colloid that if firm even though it contains a large amount of liquid

A

Gel

24
Q

Result from the direct application of a drug to a tissue

A

Local Effect

25
Q

Occur after the drug is absorbed by any route and distributed by the bloodstream. Involves more than 1 organ

A

Systemic Effects

26
Q

Drug Action Dependant on:

A
  • The patient
  • The dose
  • The route
  • Drugs metabolic rate
27
Q

Anywhere along the GI tract
- Oral (PO)
- Rectal (RR)
- Orogastric/Nasogastric (OG/NG)

A

Enteral Route

28
Q

Any route other than GI tract
- Injectable (IV, IM, SC)
- Inhalation (Neb, IN)
- Mucous Membrane (SL, Buccal)
- Skin (transdermal, topical)

A

Parenteral Route

29
Q
  • Most rapid effect
  • Most dangerous route
  • Drugs go directly into the bloodstream and to target organs
  • Known quantity over know period of time
  • Dangerous because it delivers the entire dose at once
A

IV Route

30
Q
  • Becoming increasingly popular in serious patient presentations like cardiac arrest
  • Rate and time of onset identical if not better than IV
A

Intraosseous Route (IO)

31
Q
  • Deltoid, Vastus Lateralis or into upper outer quadrant of the gluteus
  • Takes longer to act, longer duration of action
  • Must be absorbed from the muscle into the bloodstream
  • Need adequate perfusion
A

Intramuscular Route (IM)

32
Q
  • Injected into the subcutaneous tissue beneath the skin
  • Absorbed more slowly
  • Peak effect within about 30 minutes
  • Upper outer arm, anterior thigh, or abdomen
  • Need adequate perfusion
A

Subcutaneous Route (SC)

33
Q

Advantages of Enteral Route

A
  • Simple
  • Safe
  • Time released
  • Low potential of infection
34
Q

Disadvantages of Enteral Route

A
  • Slow rate of onset
  • cannot be given unconscious or nauseated unless rectal
  • Absorbed dosage may vary significantly because of actions of digestive enzymes or condition of GI tract
35
Q

Advantages of Parenteral Route

A
  • Rapid onset
  • Can be given unconscious or nauseated
  • Absorbed dose and action more predictable
36
Q

Disadvantages of Parenteral Route

A
  • Administration more painful and difficult
  • Side effects more severe
  • Higher potential for infection
37
Q

Rate of Absorption for Topical, Oral and Rectal Routes

A

Topical: hours-days
Oral: 30-90 mins
Rectal: 5-30 mins (unpredictable)

38
Q

Rate of Absorption for SC, IM, SL tablet, SL injection

A

SC: 15-30 mins
IM: 10-20 min
SL Tablet: 3-5 min
SL injection: 3 min

39
Q

Rate of Absorption for Inhalation, Endotracheal, IO, IV, Intracardiac

A

Inhalation: 3 min
Endotracheal: unkown; unpredictable
IO: 60 sec
IV: 30-60 sec
Intracardiac: 15 sec

40
Q

The attraction between a medication combining with a specific medication receptor site (like a magnet)

A

Affinity

41
Q

The power of a medication to produce a therapeutic effect (morphine vs aspirin)

A

Efficiency

42
Q

Unintended response to a drug

A

Side Effect (Adverse Effect)

43
Q

Comparing the different doses of rugs that produce the same effect (100 mcg fentanyl = 10 mg morphine)

A

Potency

44
Q

Hypersensitivity to drug

A

Allergic Reaction

45
Q

Drug effect unique to an individual

A

Idiosyncrasy

46
Q

Tolerance for a drug that develops after administration of a different drug

A

Cross Tolerance

47
Q

Patient becomes accustomed to the drugs presence in their body

A

Drug Dependence

48
Q

Also know as the additive effect, two drugs with the same effect are given together (1+1=2)

A

Summation

49
Q

Two drugs with the same effect are given together to produce a response greater than the sum of their individual responses (1+1=3)

A

Synergism

50
Q

One drug enhances the effect of another

A

Potentiation

51
Q

Components of Safe Drug Administration

A
  1. Generic + Trade Names
  2. Classification
  3. Mechanism of Action
  4. Indications
  5. Contraindications
  6. Side/Adverse Effects
  7. Precautions
  8. Routes
  9. Dosage
  10. Onset
52
Q

Chemical changes cause deterioration of drug

A

Integrity of Medications

53
Q

3 C’s and an E

A
  • Colour
  • Clarity
  • Concentration
  • Expiry
54
Q

Seven Rights

A
  1. Right medication
  2. Right dose
  3. Right time
  4. Right route
  5. Right patient
  6. Right documentation
  7. Right to refuse
55
Q

What do you do if You Make a Drug Error?

A
  • NEVER COVER IT UP
  • Treat/monitor patient
  • Call OLMC of dangerous error occurred
  • Can you reverse it? (narcan)
  • Report immediately to supervisor and hospital staff- med error report
  • Document exactly what happened

Pharmacology (7 decks)

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