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Introduction to Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Passed to motivate development and provision of new, effective drugs for rare diseases

A

Orphan Drug Act

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2
Q

5 Sources of Drugs

A
  1. Plants
  2. Animals and Humans
  3. Minerals or Mineral Products
  4. Laboratory- Produced chemicals
  5. DNA- Produced drugs
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3
Q

Drug Approval Process

A
  1. Animal studies: tested on at least 2 animal species
  2. Clinical Trials:
    a. Phase 1: tested in healthy volunteers to compare with animal data, safe doses
    b. Phase 2: 50-300 patients in a double blind studies
    c. Phase 3: Larger patient group (1000s) lasting several years to evaluate efficiency and side effects
    d. Phase 4: “New drug submission” to HPFB (Health Products and Food Branched)
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4
Q

States it’s chemical composition and molecular structure

A

Chemical Name

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5
Q

Manufacturer that created the drug usually gives its name

A

Generic Name

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6
Q

Manufacturer registered a drug using a trademark

A

Trade Name

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7
Q

Pediatric Considerations

A

Pediatric patients may require smaller dosing of medications or smaller amount because of higher concentration. Commonly based on weight and body surface area

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8
Q

Geriatric Considerations

A

Geriatric patients may be taking multiple medications

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9
Q

Governs the productions, registration, distribution and, possession of narcotic and controlled substances

A

Controlled Drug and Substance Act

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10
Q

Controlled Substance/Narcotics must be:

A
  1. Under lock and key storage
  2. On an ACP person
  3. All narcotics must be accounted for:
    a. Administration
    b. Wasted
    c. Expired
    d. Broken
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11
Q

A mixture of one or more substances entirely dissolved in water.
Ex. Normal saline, Nitro, D50W

A

Solutions

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12
Q

A liquid with small particles of a solid dispersed, but not dissolved
Ex. Activated Charcoal

A

Suspensions

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13
Q

A gelatin container used for single dose drug administration

A

Capsules

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14
Q

A small solid mass of medicinal powder

A

Tablets

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15
Q

A mixtures of a drug that is formed into a firm semi-solid cylinder or cone shaped mass that melts at body temperature

A

Suppositories

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16
Q

A has or mixtures of gases or water vapours intended inhaled

A

Inhalants

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17
Q

A colloid or glue-like substance finely subdivided in the form of a mist

A

Aerosols

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18
Q

A small sealed single-dose container of liquid injectable

A

Ampules

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19
Q

A small glass or plastic bottle containing on or more doses of a liquid injectable drug

A

Vials

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20
Q

A single-dose glass cartridge containing a liquid injectable drug. Syringe supplied already containing the drug, ready for assembly and injection

A

Pre-filled Syringes

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21
Q

In the preparation the liquid and solvent vial is mixed with the powdered solute. The resulting reconstituted preparation is then drawn up and administered

A

Vial of Powder Solute and Vial of Liquid Solvent

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22
Q

A jet of fine particles of liquid medicine are discharged from an atomizer or other device for direct application to a surface

A

Spray

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23
Q

A colloid that if firm even though it contains a large amount of liquid

24
Q

Result from the direct application of a drug to a tissue

A

Local Effect

25
Occur after the drug is absorbed by any route and distributed by the bloodstream. Involves more than 1 organ
Systemic Effects
26
Drug Action Dependant on:
- The patient - The dose - The route - Drugs metabolic rate
27
Anywhere along the GI tract - Oral (PO) - Rectal (RR) - Orogastric/Nasogastric (OG/NG)
Enteral Route
28
Any route other than GI tract - Injectable (IV, IM, SC) - Inhalation (Neb, IN) - Mucous Membrane (SL, Buccal) - Skin (transdermal, topical)
Parenteral Route
29
- Most rapid effect - Most dangerous route - Drugs go directly into the bloodstream and to target organs - Known quantity over know period of time - Dangerous because it delivers the entire dose at once
IV Route
30
- Becoming increasingly popular in serious patient presentations like cardiac arrest - Rate and time of onset identical if not better than IV
Intraosseous Route (IO)
31
- Deltoid, Vastus Lateralis or into upper outer quadrant of the gluteus - Takes longer to act, longer duration of action - Must be absorbed from the muscle into the bloodstream - Need adequate perfusion
Intramuscular Route (IM)
32
- Injected into the subcutaneous tissue beneath the skin - Absorbed more slowly - Peak effect within about 30 minutes - Upper outer arm, anterior thigh, or abdomen - Need adequate perfusion
Subcutaneous Route (SC)
33
Advantages of Enteral Route
- Simple - Safe - Time released - Low potential of infection
34
Disadvantages of Enteral Route
- Slow rate of onset - cannot be given unconscious or nauseated unless rectal - Absorbed dosage may vary significantly because of actions of digestive enzymes or condition of GI tract
35
Advantages of Parenteral Route
- Rapid onset - Can be given unconscious or nauseated - Absorbed dose and action more predictable
36
Disadvantages of Parenteral Route
- Administration more painful and difficult - Side effects more severe - Higher potential for infection
37
Rate of Absorption for Topical, Oral and Rectal Routes
Topical: hours-days Oral: 30-90 mins Rectal: 5-30 mins (unpredictable)
38
Rate of Absorption for SC, IM, SL tablet, SL injection
SC: 15-30 mins IM: 10-20 min SL Tablet: 3-5 min SL injection: 3 min
39
Rate of Absorption for Inhalation, Endotracheal, IO, IV, Intracardiac
Inhalation: 3 min Endotracheal: unkown; unpredictable IO: 60 sec IV: 30-60 sec Intracardiac: 15 sec
40
The attraction between a medication combining with a specific medication receptor site (like a magnet)
Affinity
41
The power of a medication to produce a therapeutic effect (morphine vs aspirin)
Efficiency
42
Unintended response to a drug
Side Effect (Adverse Effect)
43
Comparing the different doses of rugs that produce the same effect (100 mcg fentanyl = 10 mg morphine)
Potency
44
Hypersensitivity to drug
Allergic Reaction
45
Drug effect unique to an individual
Idiosyncrasy
46
Tolerance for a drug that develops after administration of a different drug
Cross Tolerance
47
Patient becomes accustomed to the drugs presence in their body
Drug Dependence
48
Also know as the additive effect, two drugs with the same effect are given together (1+1=2)
Summation
49
Two drugs with the same effect are given together to produce a response greater than the sum of their individual responses (1+1=3)
Synergism
50
One drug enhances the effect of another
Potentiation
51
Components of Safe Drug Administration
1. Generic + Trade Names 2. Classification 3. Mechanism of Action 4. Indications 5. Contraindications 6. Side/Adverse Effects 7. Precautions 8. Routes 9. Dosage 10. Onset
52
Chemical changes cause deterioration of drug
Integrity of Medications
53
3 C's and an E
- Colour - Clarity - Concentration - Expiry
54
Seven Rights
1. Right medication 2. Right dose 3. Right time 4. Right route 5. Right patient 6. Right documentation 7. Right to refuse
55
What do you do if You Make a Drug Error?
- NEVER COVER IT UP - Treat/monitor patient - Call OLMC of dangerous error occurred - Can you reverse it? (narcan) - Report immediately to supervisor and hospital staff- med error report - Document exactly what happened

Pharmacology (7 decks)

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