Introduction to Pathology

Question 1

DEFINE pathology

Answer 1

study of disease

Question 2

define histology

Answer 2

study of cells and tissue microscopy

Question 3

Define Histopathology

Answer 3

the study diseased cells and tissue by microscopy

Question 4

what is epidemiology

Answer 4

population disitbtuionn

Question 5

what is aetiology

Answer 5

what is the underlying cause of the disease

Question 6

what is risk factors

Answer 6

Behaviour or characteristics that increase risk of developing

Question 7

what is pathogenesis

Answer 7

what is the mechnsima that causes disease

Question 8

what is clinical features

Answer 8

how does it manifest clinically i.e how does it present

Question 9

what is MACROscopic -

Answer 9

what does it look like to the naked eye

Question 10

what is MICROscopic -

Answer 10

what does it look like under the microscope

Question 11

what are complications

Answer 11

what problems does It cause short/long term

Question 12

what is prognosis

Answer 12

what is the anticipated course of the disease e.g cure, survival

Question 13

what is general pathology

Answer 13

basic pathological mechanisms that applied to different body systems
- inflammation
- neoplasia

Question 14

what is primary vs secondary - disease causation , stages of disease

Answer 14

Question 15

list prefixes that are worth knowing

Answer 15

Question 16

list suffixes that are worth knowing

Answer 16

Question 17

what is the GOLD standard for tissue diagnosis

Answer 17

Question 18

what are the 4 steps of histology treatment

Answer 18

Question 19

what are the 10 stages of histological preparation

Answer 19

Question 20

what happens in step 1

Answer 20

surgical excision of the lesion

Question 21

what is Step 2 and the types used

Answer 21

tissue fixation

Question 22

what is the main tissue fixation

Answer 22

Question 23

what are other tissue fixations

Answer 23

Question 24

What is Step 3 - ‘ Cut up’/ block selection

Answer 24

Slice to thin sections
Glass slides
30-40 glass slides
Normal tissue
Formalin- fixed - goes funny colour
Slices - are in tissue

Question 25

what is tissue processing

Answer 25

Question 26

why can't we just drop tissue into wax

Answer 26

Question 27

What is section cutting/ mounting

Answer 27

Question 27

what is the most common stain

Answer 27

Question 28

Describe how antibodies are against specific protein target

Answer 28

Question 29

Describe microscopy and section scanning

Answer 29

- digital pathology is here - AI

Question 30

what can some histology of the tongue lesion show

Answer 30

- infiltrative tumour invading mucosa/submucosa - A tumour arising form surface squamous epithelium of tongue - Lobules of tumour invading into tongue skeletal muscle - surface ulceration - vary abnormal - Brisk mitotic activity - Tumour necrosis - Tumour invades down at least 10mm from surface - Tumour is in blood vessels - But the tumour is well clear of the surgical margin e.g it is completely excised - The tumour is positive for CK5/6 which is a marker of squamous epithelium

Question 31

what has histology/immunohistochemistry on this lesion told us

Answer 31