Introduction to pathology Flashcards
What are the causes of cell death?
Hypoxia
Ischemia
Toxins
Infectous agents
Immunolgical reactions
Genetic abnormalities
Nutritional imbalances
Physical agents
Name two types of cell death
Necrosis and Apoptosis
How do cells adapt to stress?
Hypertrophy: enlargement of cells
Hyperplasia: increase of number of cells in an organ
Atrophy: reduced size of organ because there is a reduction of cells
Metaplasia: adult cell type replaced by another adult cell type
What are the causes of inflammation?
Infections
Tissue necrosis
Foreign bodies
Immune reactions
How does tissue repair/ healing occur?
Regeneration: proliferation of cells that survive the injury
Scar formation: repairs occur by the lawing down of fibrous tissue
Name 4 hemodynamic disorders.
Hyperaemia: increase of blood volume
Congestion: impaired outflow of venous blood
Oedema: accumulation of interstitial fluid within tissues
Lymphatic obstruction: compromises resorption of fluid from interstitial spaces
What can cause fractures?
Stress
Pathologies
Trauma
Name 3 types of shock
Cardiogenic
Hypovolemic
Septic
What is cardiogenic shock?
Failure of heart pumping due to arrhythmia and pulmonary embolism
What is hypovolemic shock?
Inadequate blood or plasma volume due to haemorrhage, vomiting or diarrhoea
What is a septic shock?
Peripheral vasodilation and pooling of blood; endothelial injury, leukocyte damage, disseminated intravascular coagulation due to infections
Define ‘shock’.
Inadequate tissue perfusion resulting in cellular and organ dysfunction
What is haemostasis?
Mechanism that leads to the cessation of bleeding from a blood vessel
What are the 3 steps of haemostasis?
Vasoconstriction
Formation of platelet plug
Deposition of fibrin and clot stabilisation
What is inflammation?
The response of vascularised tissues to infections and tissue damage.
