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MSS-IHL Final Exam > Introduction to Pathogens > Flashcards

Introduction to Pathogens Flashcards

1
Q

microbiota

A

normal flora
part of the innate immunity

do not cause disease (do some good)

commensalists or mutualists

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2
Q

how much does normal flora weigh?

A

5-10 pounds

1/3 in feces

also lots on skin

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3
Q

commensalism

A

neither harm or benefit the carrying host

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4
Q

mutualism

A

symbioitic relationship between two organisms where both benefit

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5
Q

benefits of flora?

A

produce Vit K
absorb nutrients
secrete bacteriocins

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6
Q

bacteriocins

A

released by normal flora to kill other bacteria

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7
Q

harm of flora

A

can be come pathogenic outside of normal niche

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8
Q

penicillinase bacteria

A

can interfere with therapy

breaks down penicillin

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9
Q

opportunistic pathogens?

A

normal flora outside of normal location can cause problems

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10
Q

streptococcus viridans

A

in mouth

can get to heart during dental procedures and results in infections endocarditis

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11
Q

three types of microbiota?

A

resident, transient, colonzation

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12
Q

resident normal flora?

A

costant and well defined

role in interference
-compete for binding site, nutrients, and create metabolic/toxic products and bacteriocidins

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13
Q

transient normal flora?

A

from travel

exposure to abnormal environment

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14
Q

colonization?

A

establishment of microbial population

acquisition of a new organism

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15
Q

flora in utero?

A

we are sterile

develop flora through birth canal, breast feeding, bottle feeding

facultative flora - acquired from oral exposure to feces

strict anaerobes can colonize only after sufficient facultative organisms are established enough that oxygen concentration are maintained at reduced levels

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16
Q

two basic mechanisms of pathogens?

A

invasion of tissue

production of toxins

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17
Q

invasiveness

A

ability to invade host tissues

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18
Q

different ways to invade host tissue?

A

capsule
adaptations
extracellular enzymes that degrade host tissues

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19
Q

virulence

A

combination of invasiveness and toxigenicity

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20
Q

LD50

A

percent dead vs. dose

measure of virulence

dose to kill half populationID50

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21
Q

communicability

A

transmission of infectious disease

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22
Q

factors involved in the communicability of a disease?

A 
source (both dormant and latent)
number of agents released by host
capability of surviving the transit (host to host)
percent of host susceptible to agent
ID50 - infected vs. dose
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23
Q

ID50

A

infected vs. dose

dose require to infect half population

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24
Q

toxigenicity

A

production of toxins

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25
exotoxins
secreted protieins are heat labile found mostly in gram-positive
26
what is found in gram-positive cells?
exotoxins
27
endotoxins
``` complex polysaccharides (LPS) that are part of bacterial cell wall -released when cell lysis occur ``` generally heat stable in gram negative found
28
what is found in gram-negative cells?
endotoxins
29
pathogenic process?
``` adhere evade local immunity replicate evade systemic immunity must escape body for transmission to new host ```
30
intracellular pathogens produce?
chronic disease
31
extracellular pathogens produce?
acute disease
32
what are the stages of infection?
``` incubation prodrome (non-specific symptoms) specific-illness (have characteristic signs/symptoms) recovery latent ```
33
prodrome period
stage of infection where you have non-specific illnesses
34
viruses
are parasites obligate intracellular parasites may be either DNA or RNA (single or double stranded) surrounded by protein capsid some viruses have envelope -from host cell
35
virus replication
must attach to host cell | bunch of shit happens.
36
non-enveloped virus entry to cell?
pinocytosis
37
enveloped virus entry to cell?
fusion
38
abortive infections
virus infects a cell that doesn't permit its replication
39
cytolytic infection
viral infection leading to cell lysis
40
persistent infections
viral infection that my be productive, latent, or transforming
41
rhinovirus
most common viral infective agent | -common cold
42
two modes of transmission for rhinovirus?
aerosol of respiratory droplets | contaminated surface
43
rhinovirus structure
single strand positive sense RNA and capsid no envelope
44
viral proteins of rhinovirus?
proteins transcribed as single, long polypeptide and cleaved into structural and nonstructural viral proteins
45
bacteria
unicellular prokaryote microorganisms
46
bacterial cell wall
basis for classifaction
47
gram positive bacteria
thick layer of peptidoglycan on surface also have lipotechoic acids (only gram +)
48
peptidoglycan
polymer of N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine
49
gram-negative bacteria
thin peptidoglycan located between cytoplasmic and second outer membrane (periplasmic space) have lipopolysaccharide in outer membrane also have lipid A
50
gram-negative staining?
appear red
51
cocci
spherical bacteria
52
bacilli
rod-like bacteria
53
spirochetes
corkscrew bacteria
54
flagella
bacterial structure allowing for motility -composed of flagellins that are also immunogenic
55
monotrichous
single polar flagella
56
lophotrichous
several polar flagella
57
amphitrichous
several flagella at each end
58
peritrichous
flagella cover entire surface
59
pili
bacterial appendage that are sort sex pili and common pili
60
sex pili
involved in conjugation and transfer of genetic information from one cell to another
61
common pili
provides means for attachment to host cells and often play an important role in colonization
62
bacteria transmission
many require human to human some can survive in environment
63
endospore
resistant to heat, radiation, drying dormancy for hundreds of years WOWZA
64
capsules
bacterial structure with high MW polysaccharide
65
capsule
strongly adhered to cell wall genetically and phenotypically controlled
66
slime layer
loosely associated with bacteria
67
aerobic bacteria
require oxygen
68
anaerobic bacteria
energy from fermentation | oxygen can be poisonous to these bacteria
69
facultative anaerobes
grow under aerobic conditions and can also ferment
70
clostridium difficile
gram positive, rod-shaped, spore former obligate anaerobe part of normal flora has toxin A - enterotoxin - fluid accumulation also toxin B - cytopathic agent patient secretes large number of spores can't compete with normal intestinal flora
71
toxin A in c. dificile?
fluid accumulation - diarrhea
72
toxin B in c. dificile?
cytopathic agent
73
fungi
either yeast or mold
74
yeast
single cell fungi (oval or round)
75
mold
long filamentous fungi forms a mat (mycelium)
76
thermally dimorphic fungi
change from mold to yeast depending on temperature ambient temperature - mold in host tissues - yeast
77
candida
yeast at ambient temp and mold in host tissue **exception to most thermally dimorphic fungi
78
fungi metabolism?
most are aerobes some facultative anaerobes **no strict anaerobes requires carbon source
79
cell wall of fungi?
has chitin also ergosterol and zymosterol
80
ergosterol and zymosterol
in cell membrane of fungi
81
chitin
in cell wall of fungi
82
superficial mycoses
dead layers of skin/hair - mostly cosmetic not major harm
83
subQ mycoses
get into deeper layers can often remember trauma single location from environment
84
cutaueous mycoses
epidermis, hair, nails not doing lots of harm
85
systemic or deep mycoses
internal organs immunocompromised host -not a good prognosis no human-human transmission dependent on geographic niche most are sub-clinical
86
mycoses
fungal infection
87
candida albicans
part of natural flora fungi both yeast and mold opportunistic in immunocompromised individuals
88
thrush and vaginitis?
candida albicans superficially
89
candidemia
aka fungemia | systemic fungal infection of candida albicans
90
parasite
one organism harms the other
91
protozoan
single cell parasite with membrane bound nucleus
92
metazoans
multicellular parasite | -worms
93
arthropods
parasite insects | ex/ lice
94
host
organism where parasite obtains nutrients
95
definitive host
where parasite reaches sexual maturity
96
intermediate host
where parasite passes through larval or asexual stages
97
accidental host
other than normal host
98
reservoir host
other than the normal host in which parasite is capable of living and serving as a source of infestation get rid of reservoir, get rid of parasite
99
vector
carrier that transmits causative agent of disease from infected to non-infected
100
modes of transmission for parasites?
direct -ingestion, skin penetration, inhalation, person-to-person indirect -vector, transplantation/transfusions
101
single-host parasites
human to human contact oral-fecal T vaginalis and E. histolytica
102
multiple host parasites
require two or more hosts to complete life cycle can be limited to geographical area
103
what causes more disease and misery than any other group of agents?
protozoa according to WHO
104
protozoans
eukaryotic large variation in size true nucleus and cytoplasm
105
trophozoites
active form of protozoa (fragile)
106
cyst
dormant form of protozoa (resilient)
107
nematodes
round worms tough outer cuticle (what eosinophils break down) have separate organ systems and sexes intestinal tract and blood
108
soil-transmitted helminthiasis
STH ascaris, necator, ancylostoma, trichuris in 5-14 year old age range all cause nutritional impairment leading to cognitive impairment
109
platyheliminthes
tape worms flatted ribbon shaped bodies proglottids - generated by neck
110
proglottids
egg of platyhelminthes that is secreted in fecal matter neck generates the proglottids
111
FMT
fecal matter transplant treats c. dificile non-responsive to standard therapy (vancomycin)

MSS-IHL Final Exam (15 decks)

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