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CP1 = Core Micobiology > Introduction to Parasites > Flashcards

Introduction to Parasites Flashcards

1
Q

Define: Parasite

A

An organism that:
> Lives in/on a host
> Derives benefit
> Causes host injury

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2
Q

Define: Symbiosis

A

> Living together
Long term
Between two diff species

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3
Q

Define: Mutualism

A

Where both species benefit

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4
Q

Define: Commensalism

A

Where parasite benefits to no host injury.

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5
Q

Define: Definitive Host

A

Harbours adult parasite or reproducing parasite.

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6
Q

Define: Intermediate Host

A

Harbours larval or asexual parasite.

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7
Q

Define: Paratenic Host

A

Harbours non-developing parasite.

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8
Q

What can Parasites be classed into?

A

Protozoa or Helminths

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9
Q

What is the name for macro-parasites?

A

Helminths

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10
Q

What is the name for micro-parasites?

A

Protozoa

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11
Q

Protozoa can be divided into what 4 categories?

A

> Flagellates
Amoeboids
Sporozoa
Trypanosomes

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12
Q

Helminths can be divided into what 2 categories?

A

> Platyhelminths (flatworms)

> Nematodes (round worm) - Intestinal/Tissue

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13
Q

Platyhelminths (flatworms) can be divided into what 2 sub-categories?

A

> Cestodes (Tapeworm)

> Trematodes (Flukes)

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14
Q

What type of Protozoa is Guardia Lamblia?

A

Flagellate

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15
Q

What type of Protozoa is Toxoplasma?

A

Sporozoa

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16
Q

What type of Protozoa is Leishmania?

A

Trypanosome

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17
Q

What is a direct life cycle?

A

Only affects one species

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18
Q

What is an indirect life cycle?

A

More than one species, with a intermediate host.

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19
Q

What is a complex indirect life cycle?

A

More than one species, intermediate host and paratenic host.

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20
Q

What is Ascariasis?

A

A helminth- intestinal nematode. Caused by Ascaris Lumbricoides.

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21
Q

How much of the world pop is infected with Ascariasis?

A

1/7th world pop.

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22
Q

What is the prevalence of Ascariasis?

A

3-8 year olds.

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23
Q

What is the life cycle of Ascariasis?

A

Direct

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24
Q

What lung condition can Ascariasis cause?

A

Loeffler’s Syndrome

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25
Q

What are the symptoms of Loeffler’s syndrome (caused by Ascariasis)?

A 
> Dry Cough
> Wheeze
> Haemoptysis
> Dyspnoea
> Eosinophilic pneumonitis
26
Q

What are Albendazole and Benzimidazole used to treat?

A

Ascariasis

27
Q

How do Albendazole and Benzimidazole work?

A

Prevent worm glucose absorption - starve it.

28
Q

What is Schistosomiasis?

A

A fluke (type of helminth)

29
Q

What disease results from Schistosomiasis infection?

A

Bilharzia.

30
Q

What does Bilharzia disease cause?

A

Bladder cancer and liver disease.

31
Q

What is the life cycle of Schistosomiasis?

A

Indirect

32
Q

What is the intermediate host of schistosomiasis?

A

Snails.

33
Q

What is the rash caused by Schistosomiasis?

A

Swimmer’s Itch

34
Q

What is another word for Acute Schistosomiasis?

A

Katayama Fever

35
Q

What is the Schistosomiasis form that causes urinary problem?

A

S.Haemotobium

36
Q

What symptoms does S.Haemotobium cause?

Hint : Urinary

A

> Bladder Squamous cell carcinoma.
Haematuria
Bladder fibrosis/dysfunction

37
Q

What effect does Schistosomiasis have on hepatic/intestinal?

A

> Portal hypertension

> Liver Cirrhosis

38
Q

What is Praziquantel used to treat?

A

Schistosomiasis

39
Q

How does Praziquantel work?

A

Increase ion permeability –> tetanic contraction –> detachment –> death.

40
Q

What type of parasite causes Hyatid Disease?

A

Helminth –> Platyhelminth –> Cestode (Tapeworm)

41
Q

What is the parasite that causes Hyatid Disease?

A

Echinococcus Sp.

42
Q

What Echnicoccus causes cystic hyatid disease?

A

E. granulosus

43
Q

What Echinococcus causes alveolar hyatid disease?

A

E. multicilocularis

44
Q

What percentage of Hyatid cysts are in the lungs?

A

20%

45
Q

What percentage of Hyatid cysts are in the liver?

A

70%

46
Q

What are symptoms of Hyatid disease?

A

May be asymptomatic

47
Q

What can Hyatid disease also cause?

A

Secondary bacterial infection

48
Q

What does cyst rupture cause?

A

Hypersensitivity

49
Q

What is Malaria caused by?

A

> P. Malariae
P. Falciparum
P. Oval
P. Vivax

50
Q

What type of parasite is Malaria?

A

Protozoa - Sporozoan

51
Q

What does Malaria do to RBC?

A

Cause them to rupture every 48-72 hrs.

52
Q

What symptoms does burst RBC cause?

A

Fevers and Rigors.

Anaemia, bleeding & DIC.

53
Q

What symptoms do Cerebral Malaria cause?

A

Confusion, Headache and coma.

54
Q

Why does Malaria cause renal failure?

A

Hb into urine - RBC burst.

55
Q

What causes Cryptosporidiosis?

A

Cryptosporidium parvum and hominis

56
Q

What type of parasite is Cryptosporidium parvum/hominis?

A

Protozoa –> Sporozoa

57
Q

What are the symptoms of Cryptosporidiosis?

Hint: Think GI

A

Watery diarrhoea w/ mucus (no blood).

- Bloating, cramps, nausea, vomiting

58
Q

How long does Cryptosporidiosis incubate for?

A

2-10 days (usually 7)

59
Q

How is Cryptosporidiosis spread?

A

> Human-human

> Animal-human

60
Q

In whom is Cryptosporidiosis severe?

A

> Very old/young

> Immunocompromised

61
Q

What does symptomatic treatment of Cryptosporidiosis involve?

A

> Rehydration

> Nitazoxanide

62
Q

What does immunocompromised treatment of Cryptosporidiosis involve?

A

> Nitazoxanide
Paromomycin - kill parasite.
Octreotide (reduce cramps and frequency)

CP1 = Core Micobiology (7 decks)

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