Immunisation and Infection Prevention Control

Question 1

What is the most effective medical intervention?

Answer 1

Vaccination

Question 2

What percentage of child deaths is due to infectious diseases?

Answer 2

58%

Question 3

What infection is the biggest child killer?

Answer 3

Pneumoccocal

Question 4

What are the non-specific defences of immunity?

Answer 4

> Acid/enzymes of gut
Unbroken skin
Non specific metabolism/inactivation
Lung/gut mucous membrane

Question 5

What makes up the innate immune system?

Answer 5

WBC, cytokines, complement system.

Question 6

What is Passive Immunity?

Answer 6

Not lifelong - e.g Maternal auto-antibodies to baby

Question 7

What is Active Immunity?

Answer 7

Long lasting and natural - due to immune response to antigens.

Question 8

What type of immunity do vaccinations give?

Answer 8

Active - w/out any disease.

Question 9

What Ig is involved in the primary response?

Answer 9

IgM

Question 10

What Ig is involved in the secondary response?

Answer 10

IgG

Question 11

What happens when an antigen binds to a Ig?

Answer 11

The Ig –> Clonal expansion

Question 12

What is clonal expansion?

Answer 12

Production of daughter cells

Question 13

What makes Ig’s?

Answer 13

B-lymphocyts

Question 14

What declines when the infection is destroyed?

Answer 14

IgG

Question 15

Varicella, Yellow Fever, BCG and MMR are what type of vaccine?

Answer 15

Live

Question 16

IPV, Typhoid and Pertussis are what type of vaccine?

Answer 16

Inactive organism

Question 17

Pneumococcal and Influenza are what type of vaccine?

Answer 17

Organism component

Question 18

Diptheria and Tetanus are what type of vaccine?

Answer 18

Inactive toxin

Question 19

Advantages of Live Vaccines?

Answer 19

> Strong response
Only one dose needed
Systemic immunity

Question 20

Advantages of Killed Vaccine?

Answer 20

> Stable
Known constituents
Wont cause infection

Question 21

Disadvantages of Live Vaccine?

Answer 21

> Cant use in immunosuppressed
> Can --> virulent 
> Poor stability 
> Can be contaminated
> Antibodies can interfere

Question 22

Disadvantages of Killed vaccine?

Answer 22

> Need many doses
Local reactions common
Need adjuvant to keep vaccine at the inject site
Short lasting immunity

Question 23

What defines a pathogenic organism?

Answer 23

It has sufficient virulent and in enough numbers.

Question 24

What measures would eliminate entry/exit of pathogenic organisms?

Answer 24

Antisepsis - Surgical skin prep
Asepsis- Invasive devices
Air flow - Positive pressure
Sharps bins

Question 25

What would reduce susceptibility to infections?

Answer 25

Prophylaxis

Question 26

Define: Sterilizaton

Answer 26

Complete killing of micro-organisms

Question 27

What is involved in moist sterilization?

Answer 27

Autoclave delivering high pressure steam

Question 28

What is involved in dry sterilization?

Answer 28

Oven, 170 degrees for one hour

Question 29

Other methods of sterilization include:

Answer 29

> Chemical
Filtration
Ionising radiation

Question 30

What is sterilization used for?

Answer 30

Single use equipment.

Question 31

Define: Disinfection

Answer 31

Destroy sufficient numbers of potential harmful microorganisms to make an item safe.

Question 32

How is disinfection done?

Answer 32

Anti-sepsis

Question 33

How are surgical instruments sterilized?

Answer 33

Moist heat

Question 34

How are endoscopes disinfected?

Answer 34

Chemical

Question 35

How are needles sterilized pre-use?

Answer 35

y-irridation

Question 36

How is a central venous catheter decontaminated?

Answer 36

Chemical - 2% chlorhexidine in 70% isopropyl alcohol.