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1.2 Organic Chemistry > Introduction to Organics > Flashcards

Introduction to Organics Flashcards

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1
Q

What is organic chemistry?

A

The study of the structure, composition, properties, preparation and reactions of chemical compounds of carbon

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2
Q

What is catenation?

A

An elements ability to form bonds with atoms of the same element

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3
Q

What is the ability of an element to form bonds with atoms of the same element called?

A

Catenation

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4
Q

Describe the valency of carbon.

A

Tetravalency

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5
Q

Why does catenation occur so readily in carbon?

3

A

C is a relatively small atom

Forms covalent bonds

The C-C bond is strong

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6
Q

What is the molecular formula, what does it express?

A

It expresses the number and type of atoms in a molecule

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7
Q

What is the structural formula, what does it express?

A

It indicates how the atoms are arranged

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8
Q

How do you use the full Lewis dot structure?

2

A

Bonds are indicated by dots
Lone pairs are indicated by dots

Eg.
__..__
H:O:H
__..__

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9
Q

How do you use the Half Lewis dot structure?

2

A

Bonds are indicated by lines

Lone pairs are indicated by dots

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10
Q

What is a full displayed formula?

2

A

Half Lewis Structure

Bond angles are displayed

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11
Q

What is a skeletal formula?

4

A

Lines depict bonds

C and H atoms are not shown

End of each line segment is a C atom

Multiple lines represent multiple bonds

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12
Q

What does a pair of two parallel lines in a skeletal structure indicate?

A

It indicates a double bond

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13
Q

What does three sets of parallel lines in a skeletal structure indicate?

A

It indicates a triple bond

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14
Q

What are the benefits of 3D structures?

3

A

They include information on the bond angles

They show the shape of the molecule

They display the possibility of isomers and stereoisomers

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15
Q

In a 3D structure what is represented by a solid wedge?

A

Atoms above the plane of the page

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16
Q

In a 3D structure what is represented by a hashed wedge?

A

Atoms below the plane of the page

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17
Q

What are the disadvantages of 2D structures?

2

A

It takes time to draw correctly

It’s a poor representation of geometry

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18
Q

What determines the properties and reactions of a molecule?

A

The type of bond between atoms within the molecule

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19
Q

What does the type of bonds in a molecule depend on?

A

The location of electrons in that bond

20
Q

Why do atoms form bonds?

A

Because the product formed is more stable than the isolated atoms

21
Q

What are the two types of bonds?

A

Ionic bonding

Covalent bonding

22
Q

What is ionic bonding?

A

Where positively and negatively charged ions (cations/anions) are held together by electrostatic forces of attraction (oppositely charged species attract)

23
Q

What is covalent bonding?

A

This is where electron pairs are shared 50-50 between atoms

24
Q

Why can bonds not be 100% ionic?

A

Because there is always some sharing of electrons between atoms e.g 80% ionic and 20% covalent

25
Q

What is electronegativity?

A

How likely an electron is transferred from one element to another

26
Q

What does an electronegativity difference of 0.0 indicate?

A

Pure covalent

27
Q

What does an electronegativity difference between 0.1 and 0.5 indicate?

A

Non-polar covalent

28
Q

What does an electronegativity difference between 0.5 and 1.9 indicate?

A

Polar covalent

29
Q

What does an electronegativity difference of greater than 1.9 indicate?

A

Ionic

30
Q

What is a dipole moment?

A

The arrangement and behaviour of electrons that gives atoms all of their physical properties

31
Q

What does a molecules polarity depend on?

2

A

Molecular shape

The atoms electronegativity values

32
Q

How do we know which atom in the covalent bond of a molecule is negative and which is positive?

A

The atom with the greater electronegativity is the negative and the smaller electronegativity is positive

33
Q

Under what structural condition can a molecule be polar?

A

A molecule can only be polar if the structure of the molecule is not symmetric

34
Q

What can a dipole moment be used to predict?

4

A

Compound solubility in the solvent

The mechanism of a chemical reaction

The optimum solvent for product separation by thin layer chromatography

The best solvent for the crystallisation of a solid

35
Q

What is a solvent?

A

A liquid that serves as the medium for a chemical reaction and or acts as a reagent in a chemical reaction

36
Q

What is a nucleophile?

A

Substance that donates a lone pair of electrons in a chemical reaction

37
Q

Classify solvents.

A

Non polar

Polar

38
Q

What is a non polar solvent?

A

A solvent with a small or zero dipole moment

39
Q

What is a non polar solvent best at dissolving?

A

Non-polar reactants

40
Q

Give an example of a non-polar reactant?

A

HCL

41
Q

What is a polar solvent?

A

A solvent that has a large dipole moment

42
Q

What is a polar solvent best at dissolving?

2

A

Polar compounds

Charged species such as ions

43
Q

Classify polar solvents.

A

Polar protic

Polar aprotic

44
Q

What is a polar protic solvent?

A

A solvent that has a O-H or N-H bond

45
Q

Why are polar protic solvents important?

2

A

They can participate in hydrogen bonding - powerful intermolecular force

They serve as a source of protons (H+)

46
Q

Why are polar aprotic solvents important?

A

They may have H atoms but they lack O-H or N-H bonds and therefore cannot H-bond with itself

47
Q

Why are polar aprotic solvents important?

A

They don’t participate in reactions but serve only as a reaction medium

1.2 Organic Chemistry (15 decks)

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