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1.2 Organic Chemistry > Alkanes > Flashcards

Alkanes Flashcards

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1
Q

Define alkanes.

A

Compounds containing only C-C and C-H single bonds

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2
Q

What is the general molecular formula for alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

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3
Q

What is the general formula for cycloalkanes?

A

CnH2n

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4
Q

What is each successive member of a homologous series called?

A

a homologue

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5
Q

What is the repeating unit for alkanes?

A

CH2

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6
Q

What is CH2 called?

A

Methylene group

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7
Q

How does each homologue in the alkane series differ from one another?

A

Each homologue has one more C atom than the preceding member

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8
Q

What is a methylene group?

A

CH2

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9
Q

Are alkanes and cycloalkanes saturated or unsaturated?

A

They are saturated

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10
Q

What does saturated mean?

A

They contain the maximum number of H per C and have no double or triple bonds

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11
Q

What is the definition of a homologous series (in terms of alkanes)?
(5)

A

Molecules that have the same general formula

Homologues differ by CH2

Contain the same functional group

Show gradation in physical properties as molar mass increases

Homologues can be prepared by similar methods

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12
Q

What are branched alkanes?

A

Alkane molecules that have more than three C atoms that can be arranged in more than one way

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13
Q

How many C atoms are needed in order for an alkane to be branched?

A

Three

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14
Q

Give an example of an alkane that has a branched form.

A

Butane

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15
Q

What is the branched form of butane?

A

Isobutane

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16
Q

Describe the structure of isobutane.

A

2, methylpropane

A methyl branch exists off the second carbon in the longest chain

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17
Q

In general when is ‘iso’ used in relation to branched alkanes?

A

When there is one methyl group attached to the longest carbon chain

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18
Q

In general when is ‘neo’ used in relation to branched alkanes?

A

When there is two methyl groups attached to the carbon chain

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19
Q

What is an unbranched alkane often called?

3

A

An n-alkane
A normal alkane
An unbranched alkane

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20
Q

How many structural isomers does pentane have?

A

Three

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21
Q

List the three structural isomers of pentane.

A

Pentane

Methylbutane / isopentane

Dimethylpropane / Neopentane

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22
Q

What is methylbutane more commonly called?

A

Isopentane

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23
Q

What is dimethylpropane more commonly called?

A

Neopentane

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24
Q

What is nomenclature?

A

The naming of organic compounds

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25
Q

Who regulates the naming of organic compounds?

A

IUPAC

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26
Q

What does IUPAC stand for?

A

The International Union for Pure and Applied Chemistry

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27
Q

What is the word equation for naming alkanes?

A

Prefix - Parent - Suffix

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28
Q

In naming alkanes, what is the prefix?

A

The name and position of substituents

E.g 2-methyl____

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29
Q

In naming alkanes, what is the parent?

A

The length of the longest carbon chain

E.g. ___prop___

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30
Q

In naming alkanes, what is the suffix?

A

The main functional group

E.g. ________ane

31
Q

What is CH3 called?

A

a methyl group

32
Q

What is C2H5 called?

A

An ethyl group

33
Q

What is C3H7 called?

A

A propyl group

34
Q

What is C4H9?

A

A butyl group

35
Q

What is C5H11?

A

A pentyl/amyl group

36
Q

What is a methyl group?

A

CH3

37
Q

What is an ethyl group?

A

C2H5

38
Q

What is a propyl group?

A

C3H7

39
Q

What is a butyl group?

A

C4H9

40
Q

What is a pentyl/amyl group?

A

C5H11

41
Q

What does a squiggly line indicate in skeletal structures?

A

They indicate that the group is attached to a substituent of some kind

42
Q

What prefix is used when naming cycloalkanes?

A

Cyclo before the alkane name

43
Q

What is the smallest possible cycloalkane?

A

Cyclopropane

44
Q

What is the smallest possible cycloalkyl?

A

Cyclcopropyl

45
Q

What does the skeletal structure of cyclopropane look like?

A

A triangle

46
Q

How are carbon atoms in a molecule classified?

A

Based on the number of C-C bonds that are present

47
Q

What determines the reactivity of a carbon atoms?

A

The number of C neighbours that a C atom has

48
Q

What four types of carbon atoms can be found in alkane structures?

A

Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

Quaternary

49
Q

What is a quaternary carbon?

A

A carbon attached to four other carbons

50
Q

What is a functional group?

A

A specific atom or group of atoms which determines an organic compound’s chemical reactivity and physical properties

51
Q

Name a functional group?

A

Haloalkanes (alkyl halides)

52
Q

What two groups are not considered functional groups but are often found in alkane structures?

A

Alkyl and cycloalkane

53
Q

Why are alkyl and cycloalkane substituents not functional groups?

A

This is because they are looked upon as being just part of a molecule’s framework

54
Q

What are haloalkanes?

A

Chemical compounds in which one or more of the H atoms in an alkane have been replaced by a halogen atom

55
Q

List the halogens.

4

A

Fluorine

Chlorine

Bromine

Iodine

56
Q

What are the halogens often abbreviated to?

A

X

57
Q

Are haloalkanes saturated or unsaturated?

A

They are saturated

58
Q

What is the general molecular formula for monosubstituted haloalkanes?

A

CnH2n+1X

59
Q

What is CH3F?

A

Fluoromethane

60
Q

How do you change the halogen substituent?

A

Change the ‘ine’ to ‘o’

Fluorine to fluoro

61
Q

Which is named first an alkyl substituent or a halo-substitutent?

A

They are names based on alphabetisation

62
Q

What letter is used to represent an alkyl group?

A

R

63
Q

What are isomers?

A

Isomers are molecules with the same number and type of atoms but show different spatial arrangements

64
Q

What are structural (or constitutional) isomers?

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas

65
Q

How many different types of structural isomerism are there?

A

Three

66
Q

What are the three types of structural isomerism?

A

Chain isomerism

Position isomerism

Functional isomerism

67
Q

What is chain isomerism?

A

Isomers that arise because of the possibility of branching in C chains

68
Q

What is position isomerism?

A

Isomerism where the basic C skeleton remains unchanged but important groups are moved around on that skeleton

69
Q

What is functional group isomerism?

A

Isomers contain different functional groups, that is, they belong to different families of compounds

70
Q

What is petroleum?

A

A liquid mixture containing hundreds of substances

71
Q

Describe the relationship between boiling point and unbranched and branched alkanes.
(2)

A

The boiling point of unbranched alkanes increase with the number of C atoms

The boiling point of branched alkanes are lower than those of their unbranched isomer

72
Q

What three types of attractive forces?

A

Dipole/Dipole

Dipole/ induced-dipole

Induced-dipole/induced-dipole

73
Q

What type of attractive force is present in alkanes?

A

Induced-dipole/ induced-dipole attractive force

1.2 Organic Chemistry (15 decks)

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