Introduction to Organic Chemistry

Question 1

How does Carbon bond?

Answer 1

• Has 4 electrons in its outer shell
• Can form 4 single bonds
• Can form 2 double bonds
• Can form 1 triple bond and 1 single bond

Question 2

Functional Group

Answer 2

Responsible for the different chemical and physical properties of the compound

Question 3

Homologous Series

Answer 3

A group of compounds with the same functional group that differ by a CH2

Question 4

How can you represent organic compounds?

Answer 4

• Empirical Formula
• Molecular Formula
• Displayed Formula
• Structural Formula
• Skeletal Formula
• 3D (Shape of Molecules)

Question 5

Empirical Formula

Answer 5

• Simplest ratio of the atoms of each element in a compound
• Calculate by dividing the mass (or percentage given) by the atomic mass of each element to find the moles
• Then divide the number of moles of each element by the smallest number calculated
• Multiply out to get whole numbers if one comes out as a decimal

Question 6

Molecular Formula

Answer 6

• The actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule
• Calculate the Mr of the empirical formula
• Divide the Mr of the molecular formula by the Mr of the empirical formula
• Multiply each atom in the empirical formula by the answer to step 2

Question 7

Displayed Formula

Answer 7

Shows all the atoms and bonds in the molecule (single bonds, double bonds, triple bonds, etc)

Question 8

Structural Formula

Answer 8

Shows the unique arrangement of atoms in a molecule in simplified form, without showing all the bonds

Question 9

Skeletal Formula

Answer 9

• Uses lines to show the bonds but don’t draw the carbons at all
• The ends of the lines are carbon atoms (unless specified otherwise)
• It is assumed there are the correct number fof hydrogen atoms on the carbons

Question 10

3D Structures

Answer 10

• Show how the model looks in 3D
• Use a dashed line to show the atoms going away from us
• Use a wedged line to show the atoms coming towards us

Question 11

What system is used to name Organic Compounds?

Answer 11

IUPAC Systematic Naming Method

Question 12

What does the root of the name show?

Answer 12

What the longest unbranched hydrocarbon is

Question 13

What do suffixes show?

Answer 13

Functional Group

Question 14

What do prefixes show?

Answer 14

Side chains or haloalkenes

Question 15

Why do we number the longest chain?

Answer 15

The numbers for prefixes and suffixes show which number carbon the prefix or suffix is on in the longest chain

Question 16

Isomers

Answer 16

Molecules that have the same molecular formula but different atom arrangements

Question 17

2 Types of isomerism

Answer 17

• Structural isomerism
• Stereoisomerism

Question 18

Types of Structural Isomerism

Answer 18

• Position Isomerism
• Functional Group Isomerism
• Chain Isomerism

Question 19

Types of Stereoisomerism

Answer 19

• Geometric/E-Z Isomerism
• Optical Isomerism

Question 20

Structural Isomers

Answer 20

Same molecular formula but different structural formula

Question 21

Position Isomers

Answer 21

• Same functional group but at different carbons on the chain
• E.g Propan-1-ol and propan-2-ol

Question 22

Functional Group Isomers

Answer 22

• Different functional groups
• E.g. Ethanol and methoxymethane (an ether)

Question 23

Stereoisomerism

Answer 23

When 2 or more compounds have the same structural formula but different arrangements of atoms in space

Question 24

E-Z (Geometric) Isomerism

Answer 24

Restricted rotation around the double bond

Question 25

Z Isomers

Answer 25

The isomer with the priority groups on the same side of the double bond (AKA Cis)

Question 26

E Isomers

Answer 26

The isomer with the priority groups on opposite sides (AKA Trans)

Question 27

How can you identify priority groups?

Answer 27

The atom or compound that has the higher atomic number is the priority group

Question 28

When is there no E-Z isomerism?

Answer 28

• When either carbon of the double bond has 2 of the exact same group on it
• When there is no double bond