Introduction to musculoskeletal anatomy Flashcards
what is the torso
central part of the body including thorax, abdomen and pelvis
what is the thorax
upper part of the torso from the bottom of the neck to the diaphragm
what is the abdomen
central part of torso between the diaphragm and the top of the pelvic bones
what is the pelvis
lowest part of the torso between the abdomen and the start of the lower limbs - the bony ring in the pelvic region is also called the pelvis
what is the arm
from the torso to the elbow
what is the forearm
from the elbow to the wrist
what is the thigh
from the pelvis to the knee ( the upper part of the lower limb )
what is the leg
from the knee to the ankle (the middle part of the lower limb)
what does superior mean
above - brain is superior to the heart
what does inferior mean
below - pelvis is inferior to the abdomen
what does anterior/ventral mean
front - the nose is anterior to the ears
what does posterior/dorsal mean
back - spine is posterior to the sternum
what does medial mean
closer to the central line of the body - the big toe is medial to the little toe
what does lateral mean
further away from the centre line of the body - the thumb is lateral to the palm
what does proximal mean
closer to the origin - the elbow is proximal to the wrist
what does distal mean
further away from the origin - the toes are distal to the knee
what does Ipsilateral mean
on the same side of the body - the right arm and right leg are ipsilateral to each other
what does contralateral mean
the opposite side of the body - the right arm and left leg are contalateral to each other
what does deep mean
further away from the surface - the heart is deep to the sternum
what does superficial mean
closer to the surface - the skin is superficial to muscle
what is a supine position
lying down f\flat on your back face up
what does prone mean
lying down on front facing down
what does cranial mean
towards the head - the brain is cranial to the spinal cord
what does caudal mean
towards the tail - the pelvis is caudal to the abdomen
what does rostral mean
towards the face - the frontal lobe is rostral to the occipital lobe
what is the coronal anatomical plane
this plane cuts a structure into an anterior and posterior part (front and back)
what is the sagittal anatomical plane
this plane cuts a structure into a left and right down the centre line
what is a parasaggital anatomical plane
refers to a cut in the saggital plane but when it is parallel to the central line so the incision is not down the centre of the structure but off to the side
what is the axial anatomical plane
also known as horizontal or transverse, this cuts a structure into a superior and inferior part
what are the axial parts of the skeleton
the central or core parts: the skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum
what are the appendicular parts of the skeleton
the bones of the limbs including the shoulder blades (scaulae), collar bones (clavicles) and the pelvic girdle
what is a synovial joint
most common joint, narrow synovial cavity separates the articular surfaces of the bones, it contains synovial fluid enclosed in a joint capsule
what are the 2 layers in the joint capsule of a synovial joint
an outer fibrous capsule and an inner synovial membrane
what are the articular surfaces of the bones in a synovial joint covered in
hyaline cartilage
examples of synovial joints
they allow a lot of movement so: shoulder, knee and wrist joints
what are fibrous joints and example
connect 2 bones together with strong fibrous tissue, there is very little movement e.g. the joints between the individual bones of the skull (sutures)
what are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints?
primary and secondary
what are primary cartilaginous joints and example
they are connected to each other with hyaline cartilage allowing some flexibility e.g. where ribs meet the sternum
what are secondary cartilaginous joints and example
connected to each other by fibrocartilage, and a large layer of hyaline cartilage covers the articular surfaces of the bones, flexible and strong and can take a lot of weight e.g. between the vertebrae in the spine
what is a ball and socket joint and an example (one of the biomechanical classsifications of synovial joints)
the end of the bone is shaped like a ball and the end of the other bone is like a bowl that it fits inside, the better the fit the better the stability and less degredation/dislocation. e.g. hip joint
what is a hinge joint and example (one of the biomechanical classsifications of synovial joints)
allow significant range of movement but only in one plane e.g. elbows and knees
what is a pivot joint and example (one of the biomechanical classsifications of synovial joints)
allows rotational movement only - found at the top of the spine between the first and second vertebrae (C1 and C2)
what is a saddle joint and example (one of the biomechanical classsifications of synovial joints)
like a rider on a saddle they permit movement in 2 planes e.g. at the base of thumb where the metacarpal articulates with one of the carpal bones
Condyloid joint and example (one of the biomechanical classsifications of synovial joints)
like a ball and socket joint but the ball is oval, there is a good range of movement but only in 2 planes e.g. the knuckles (metacarpophalangeal joints)
what is a plane joint and example (one of the biomechanical classsifications of synovial joints)
the articular surfaces are almost flat and glide against one another - movement is limited and is dictated by surrounding bones e.g. the joint between the shoulder blades
what is a ligament
a band of fibrous connective tissue attaching bone to bone, they stretch and over time can be stretched further to allow greater joint movement
what is a sprain
when a ligament is overstretched causing injury. overstretched and torn ligaments may never return to their original shape or may become permanently lax leading to joint instability
what does the movement description flexion mean
bending
what does the movement description extension mean
straightening
what does the movement description lateral flexion mean
bending sideways - unique to the vertebral column
what does the movement description abduction mean
movement away from the midline
what does the movement description adduction mean
movement towards the midline
what does the movement description internal rotation mean
rotating around an axis towards the midline (medial rotation)
what does the movement description External rotation mean
rotation around an axis away from the midline (lateral rotation)
what does the movement description pronation mean
internal rotation of the radius so that our palm is facing posteriorly (facing down) - this is unique to the forearm
what does the movement description supination mean
external rotation of the radius so that our palm is facing anteriorly (facing down)
what does the movement description opposition mean
flexion and rotation of the thumb or little finger so they can reach each other
what does the movement description circumduction mean
combination of flexion, extention, abduction and adduction such that the appendage (a projecting part of an invertebrate) trace a circular pattern
what does the movement description dorsiflection mean
the foot and toes move superiorly towards the shin
what does the movement description plantarflexion
foot and toes move inferiorly away from the shin
what does the movement description inversion mean
medial flexion so that the sole of the foot faces medially
what does the movement description eversion mean
medial flexion so that the sole of the foot faces laterally
what does the movement description protration mean
moving the scapula or mandible anteriorly
what does the movement description retraction mean
moving the scapula or mandible posteriorly
what does the movement description elevation mean
moving the scapula or mandible superiorly
what does the movement description depression mean
moving the scapula or mandible inferiorly
what are the 3 different classifications of muscles
Skeletal, smooth, cardiac
what is skeletal muscle
found throughout the body - provide support for joints, the skeleton and some soft tissues, they are under voluntary control. the fibres are striated
what is smooth muscle
located in walls of blood vessels and internal organs, involuntarily controlled but autonomic nervous system. the fibres are not striated
what is cardiac muscle
found in the heart, it is involuntarily controlled. they respond (contract) to electrical impulses spontaneously generated by cells within the heart. the fibres are striated
what connects skeletal muscle to bone
tendons
what are tendons
they are composed of strong connective tissue and many are rounded like a cord. some form flat sheets called aponeuroses
what is the insertion
the part of the bone that moves when a joint is moved by muscle contraction
what is the origin
the part of the bone that doesn’t move when a joint is being moved by muscle contraction
do parallel skeletal muscles look like
the fibres are aligned parallel to each other - can shorten significantly and quickly but less powerful than pennate muscles
what are the 2 sub types of parallel skeletal muscle
- fusiform (spindle shaped and often have a long tendon at each end, the muscle belly bulges out in the middle e.g. biceps brachii
- strap (belt shaped and relatively uniform in width along the belly e.g. sartorius in the thigh)
what shape are convergent skeletal muscles
fan shaped, have broad attachment at one end with fibres converging to a much smaller attachment the other end
what shape are circular skeletal muscles
the fibres are arranged in concentric rings and often called sphincters - when contracted they close the ring
what shape are pennate skeletal muscles
fibres arranged at an angle to the direction in which the muscle acts - they cannot shorten as much as parallel but are more powerful
what are the 3 sub types of pennate skeletal muscles
Unipennate
Bipennate
Multipennate
what shape are unipennate skeletal muscles
fibres arrnaged diagonally in relation to tendon and insert onto only one side of the tendon
what shape are bipennate skeletal muscles
fibres arranged in a V shape and insert onto both sides of the tendon - looks like a feather
what shape are multipennate skeletal muscles
look like multiple bipennate muscles all side by side and attached onto one tendon
what are similarities between the anatomy of the upper and lower limbs
a ball and socket joint where the limb meets the torso, one large bone in the proximal part (humerus and femur), a hinge joint separating the proximal and middle parts (elbow and knee), 2 bones in the middle section (radius and ulna, tibia and fibula), collection of small bones at the start of the distal part (carpal and tarsal bones), five digits, one significantly larger digit, most of the muscle mass is located proximally (arm and thigh)
name bones and joints in the arm starting with shoulder blade
clavicle, scapula, shoulder joint, humerus, elbow joint, ulna, radius, carpal bones, metacarpals, phalanges
name bones and joints in the leg starting with the pelvis
Pelvis, hip joint, femur, knee joint, tibia, fibula, tarsal bones, metatarsals, phalanges
what is the order of the types of vertebrae and how many of each in the vertebral column
cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral (5), coccygeal (4)
name the different parts of a vertebrae
the vertebral body, above that the spinal canal, then the pedicles connecting the body to the lamina, 3 processes called the transverse processes (2 on the outside) and the spinous process (the one in the middle). there is also articulation for the vertebra above
what are the distinguishing features of the cervical vertebrae
a bifid (two-pronged) spinous process, an oval shaped body and holes in the transverse processes
what are the distinguishing features of the thoracic vertebrae
long, sharp downward sloping spinous processes which overlap the vertebra below, heart shaped bodies
what are the distinguishing features of the lumbar vertebrae
short blunt spinous processes and large oval shaped bodies to support the bodies weight
what are the distinguishing features of the sacral vertebrae
fused to the sacrum, triangular shaped bone, sits in the posterior midline and articulates with the left and right hip to form the pelvis
what are the distinguishing features of the coccygeal
fused to form the coccyx, is the reminants of what used to be a tail
