Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

IMMS > Histology practical 1 > Flashcards

Histology practical 1 Flashcards

1
Q

why are lymphocytes smaller than nerve cells

A

they aren’t yet differentiated, so are less metabolically active, once differentiated they become bigger and more metabolically active. Nerve cells are already differentiated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

why do lymphocytes have relatively little cytoplasm compared to the size of the nucleus

A

they are a dormant cell type and are awaiting a stimulus and once challenged they become larger with more cytoplasm and more metabolically active

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what does a fusiform cell look like

A

Spindle shaped/elliptical e.g. muscle cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is thin slice/section slide preparation

A
  1. thin slice/section - most common, fixed in aqueous solution of formaldehyde, then embedded in paraffin (extraction of water and number of other substances from tissue), thin slice = 4 microns thick, then stained, slices are smaller than cells so hard to imagine the 3D element (slices through the cells)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is smear slide preparation

A

done with solids and liquids, whole cell instead of slice through cells. Slide cover is placed at an angle so the drop of e.g. blood is touching it, the slide cover is then moved in the direction of the obtuse angle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does the dye haematoxylin stain

A

Stains nuclei blue and will also stain acidic substances e.g. RNA and DNA violet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does the dye Eosin stain

A

Stains cytoplasm and extracellular fibres pink

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What colour does watery extra-cellular jelly go when stained

A

it doesn’t stain so is just white

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does the dye Periodic acid shift (PAS) stain

A

sugars - stains them magenta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does the dye Van Gieson stain

A

Elastic fibres - stains them brown (looks like brown bands)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what does trichrome dyes stain

A

Collagen - goes blue
Nuclei - go dark brown
Muscle tissue - goes red
cytoplasm - pink

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what does the dye Alcian blue stain

A

Mucins - go blue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are polygonal shaped cells

A

they are cells which have been squashed together and so are irregularly shaped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are cuboidal shaped cells

A

they appear square in 2D and cuboidal in 3D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are squamous shaped cells

A

they look like thin plates or fish scales under the microscope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are columnar shaped cells

A

they are arranged in rectangular columns in 2D, in 3D they can be in hexagonal columns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are bigger metabolically active or inactive

A

active

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the life span of cells lining the gut

A

3-5 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the life span of cells in the blood erythrocytes

A

120 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the life span of cells in the skin

A

2 - 4 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the life span of cells in the connective tissues

A

years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the life span of bone cells

A

10-50 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the life span of skeletal muscle cells

A

can last your entire life but most don’t on average they last between 10-16 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the lifespan of nerve and cardiac muscle cells

A

the organisms entire lifespan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is the life span of germ cells

A

the organisms entire lifespan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is chromatin and what are the 2 types

A

Nuclear DNA wrapped around proteins called histones to make nucleosomes, many nucleosomes in a chain make a chromatin fibre many chromatin fibres make chromatin. the two types are euchromatin and heterochromatin. Heterochromatin appears darker under the microscope and is transciptionally inactive, euchromatin appears lighter and is transcriptionally active

27
Q

what does the nucleolus do and how big is it

A

1-3 microns in diameter and is the site of ribosomal RNA formation

28
Q

what do the different parts and internal compartments of the mitochondria do

A

-outer membrane - lipid synthesis and fatty acid metabolism
-inner membrane - respiratory chain ATP production
-matrix - Krebs cycle
-Intermembranous space - nucleotide phosphorylation
-the mitochondria are the site of oxidative phosphorylation

29
Q

what does the rough endoplasmic reticulum do

A

protein synthesis

30
Q

what happens at the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • lipid synthesis
  • synthesised proteins are processed
31
Q

what happens at the Golgi apparatus and what does it look like

A
  • it processes macro-molecules which have been synthesised at the ER
  • the cis face is nuclear facing and receives vesicles from the SER and phosphorylates some proteins
  • the trans face is membrane facing and is the site of proteolysis and sorts macro-molecules into vesicles
  • the Golgi is most prominent in plasma cells where it is a perinuclear Hoff
  • the central part of the Golgi forms oligosaccharrides by adding sugars to lipids and peptides
32
Q

what is the role of vesicles

A
  • they are used for transport, storage and exchanging between compartments
33
Q

what are the different types of vesicle

A
  • cell surface derived pino and phagocytotic
  • Golgi derived transport
  • Lysosomes (contains acid hydrolases which degrade proteins)
  • endolysosomes (hydrolase vesicles fuse with endosomes with the correct surface proteins), these can lower the pH of an environment and contain enzymes that work better at lower pH
  • peroxisomes (enzymes for long chain fatty acids)
34
Q

what is the order of filaments in the cytoskeleton

A

Microfilaments (actin) -> intermediate filaments -> microtubules (tubulin) arranged in groups of 13 to make hollow tubes

35
Q

what protein is in epithelial cells

A

Cytokeratin

36
Q

what protein is in muscle cells / myocytes

A

Desmin

37
Q

what protein is in Astrocytic glial cells

A

Glial fibrillary acidic protein

38
Q

what protein is in neurons

A

neurofilament protein

39
Q

what protein is in the nucleus of all cells

A

nuclear laminin

40
Q

what protein is in mesodermal cells

A

Vimentin

41
Q

what is lipofuscin

A

Lipofuscin is the name given to fine yellow-brown pigment granules composed of lipid-containing residues of lysosomal digestion It is considered to be one of the aging or “wear-and-tear” pigments, found in the liver, kidney, heart muscle, retina, adrenals, nerve cells, and ganglion cells

42
Q

what is the fluid inbetween cells called

A

interstitial fluid made up of water, salt, peptides and proteins

43
Q

what are the different types of tissues

A
  • Epithelia
  • muscle
  • Supporting/connective tissue e.g. cartilage, bone, tendons, blood
    _nervous
44
Q

what are the different types of tissue

A
  • Epithelia
  • Muscle
  • Supporting/connective tissue
  • Nervous
45
Q

what are the different types of tissue

A
  • Epithelia
  • Muscle
  • Supporting/connective tissue
  • Nervous
46
Q

what are germ cells

A

ova or sperm

47
Q

what shape are the nuclei of simple columnar epithelia

A

Spheroidal - the longer axis is perpendicular to the base of the cell

48
Q

what are the 2 specialisations that simple columnar epithelia can have on their apical surfaces

A

microvilli or cilia

49
Q

where are microvilli found

A

on the apical surface of the epithelia in the gut

50
Q

where are cilia found

A

on the apical surface of epithelia in the respiratory tract and in the fallopian tubes

51
Q

what is a brush border

A

what intestinal villi are often referred to because they are too fine to be resolved individually

52
Q

what is the average number of cilia per epithelial cell

A

300

53
Q

what shape are cuboidal epithelium cells

A

they are square in profile with a round nucleus

54
Q

what shape are simple squamous epithelial cells

A

the thinnest type consisting of a single layer of cells with cylindrical/elliptical nuclei whose long axis lie parallel to the bases of the cells

55
Q

where are simple squamous epithelial cells found

A

they form the pleural and peritoneal membranes lining the chest and abdomen, similar cells line the air sacs of the lungs

56
Q

where are simple cuboidal epithelial cells found

A

they form the ducts of many exocrine glands, they have a regular shape and a round nucleus

57
Q

where are compound (stratified) epithelia found

A

they line the mouth, throat, oesophagus, anus and vagina (non-keratinised), in its kertainised form it also makes up the epidermal layer of the skin

58
Q

what are the 3 types of junctions between epithelial cells and what are their roles

A

occluding (these link the cells to form an impermeable barrier, also known as tight junctions), anchoring (link cells to provide mechanical strength, also known as desmosomes) and communicating (allow movement of molecules between cells, also known as gap junctions)

59
Q

what are the main types of secretory cells

A

simple tubular, coiled tubular, Acinus, branched tubulo-acinar

60
Q

what intermediate layer in the epithelium stains blue and why

A

the granular layer because they contain large numbers of kerato-hyaline granules which are precursors to keratin

61
Q

in which layer of the epidermis are desmosomes (anchor junctions) most promient

A

the prickle cell layer i.e. the layer directly above the basal layer – during tissue processing the cells shrink but they remain attached, so the attachment points look like spikes

62
Q

what is the main purpose of tight (occluding) junctions in the epidermal lining of the gut

A

to hold the cells together to prevent large molecules from passing through and gaining access to the body, it creates a membrane which only selective absorption can occur across

63
Q

what is the role of gap (communication) junctions in intestinal epithelia

A

they permit the quick passage of small molecules between cells, thereby synchronising the activity of the whole epithelium

IMMS (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions