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MSK > introduction to MSK anatomy and embryology > Flashcards

introduction to MSK anatomy and embryology Flashcards

1
Q

When does development of limbs begin

A

end of 4th week

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2
Q

What limbs develop first

A

upper limbs - lower limbs begin 1-2 days after

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3
Q

What induces the development of the limbs

A

Activation of group of mesenchymal cells in the somatic plate mesoderm

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4
Q

What is the apical ectodermal ridge

A

A multilayered, thickened ectoderm at the apex of the limb bud

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5
Q

What induces the apical ectodermal ridge

A

Paracrine growth factor FGF-10 which produces FGF-8 (fibroblast growth factor) - interacts with underlying mesoderm causing mitosis to promote limb growth

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6
Q

What is the role of the mesodermal cells that aggregate at the base of each limb bud

A

signalling centres

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7
Q

What expresses the sonic hedgehog genes

A

Zone of polarizing activity

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8
Q

What is the function of sonic hedgehog genes

A

Control the normal patterning of limbs along the anterio-posterior axis

It also activates Bone morphogenic protein gene and Hoxd genes

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9
Q

What is the function of bone morphogenetic protein gene

A

Forms FGF-10

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10
Q

What is the function of HOX genes

A

Determine what skeletal element is formed

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11
Q

Which limb bud is larger

A

upper limb

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12
Q

At what level does the upper limb develop

A

Opposite the caudal cervical segments - C4-T2

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13
Q

At what level do the lower limbs develop

A

Upper sacral segments - L2-S2

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14
Q

What are digits

A

fingers and toes

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15
Q

What happens in the upper lim on the 6th week

A

digital rays form in the hands

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16
Q

What happens in week 7 for the lower limb

A

Digital rays and digits form in foot

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17
Q

What happens in the 8th week in the limbs

A

Separate digits - fingers and toes - form by apoptosis of the loose mesenchymal tissue between the digit rays

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18
Q

What is the shape of the upper limb handplate

A

Paddle shaped

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19
Q

What is the shape of the lower limb footplates

A

flipper shaped

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20
Q

What causes elongation of the limb buds

A

mesenchymal prolliferation

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21
Q

What forms the vasculature and skeletal components of the limbs

A

The lateral plate mesoderm migrating into the limb buds and condensing along the central axis

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22
Q

What forms all the bones in the limbs

A

Lateral plate mesoderm

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23
Q

What bones in the limb only undergo endochondral ossification

A

All of them except the clavicle which undergoes membranous ossification as well as endochondral

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24
Q

What is the first bone to ossify in the human body

A

clavicle

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25
Q

What occurs at week 7-9 in the upper limb

A

Primary ossification centres form in the clavicle, humerus, radius and ulna

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26
Q

What occurs at week 9 in the upper limb

A

Primary ossification centres form in the metacarpals and the phalanges

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27
Q

What occurs in week 7-9 in the lower limbs

A

Primary ossification centres form in the femur and tibia

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28
Q

What occurs at week 9 in the lower limbs

A

Primary ossification centres form in the ilium, ischium, pubis, calcaneus, talus, metatarsals and phalanges

29
Q

What happens in the 5th week in terms of musculature for the limbs

A

Mesoderm from the dermomyotome regions of the somites migrate into the limb bud, condense and differentiate into myoblasts which form anterior and posterior condensations which eventually differentiate into the musculature commonly seen in the limbs

30
Q

What are myoblasts

A

Muscle cell precursors

31
Q

What does the dorsal (posterior) condensation in the upper limb form

A

Extensors and supinators muscles

32
Q

What does ventral (anterior) condensation form in the upper limbs

A

Flexors and pronator muscles

33
Q

What does the dorsal (posterior) condensation in the lower limbs

A

Extensors and abductors

34
Q

What does ventral (anterior) condensation form in the lower limbs

A

flexors and adductors

35
Q

What does the 4th aortic arch form

A

The right subclavian artery

36
Q

What does the 7th intersegmental artery form

A

Distal part of right subclavian artery and whole left subclavian artery

37
Q

What does the subclavian artery divide into

A

The axis artery that then goes into the common interosseous artery and then the median artery and then the radial and ulnar artery

38
Q

When a vessel has common in the name what does it normally mean

A

That the vessel will divide

39
Q

What does the axis artery persist as

A

Axillary artery, brachial artery, anterior interosseous artery and the deep palmar arch

40
Q

What does the terminal plexus form

A

Palmar arches

41
Q

What does the umbilical artery produce

A

It produces the axis artery of the lower limb and ends as the terminal plexus

42
Q

What does the axis artery produce

A

anterior tibial artery , posterior tibial artery

43
Q

What does the anterior tibial artery continue as

A

dorsalis pedis

44
Q

What does the posterior tibial artery terminate as

A

Medial and lateral plantar arteries

45
Q

What does the external iliac artery produce

A

The femoral artery

46
Q

What does the axis artery in the lower limb persist as in the adult

A

Inferior gluteal, sciatic, proximal part of popliteal and distal part of the peroneal artery

47
Q

What does the femoral artery produce

A

The profunda femoris artery (deep)

48
Q

What supplies the bulk of the muscles in the thigh

A

The profunda femoris artery

49
Q

What does the terminal plexus form

A

Deep plantar arch

50
Q

What does C5-C7 form

A

musculocutaneous nerve

51
Q

What does C8-T1 form

A

Ulnar nerve

52
Q

What does C5-8 and T1 form

A

median nerve

53
Q

What does the anterior divisions of the lower limb buds branch into

A

Tibial (L4-S3) and obturator (L2-L4)

54
Q

What does the posterior division of the lower limb bud branch into

A

Superior gluteal (L4-S1), inferior gluteal (L5-S2), femoral (L2-L4) and common fibular (L4-S2)

55
Q

What way does the upper limb rotate in week 7

A

90 degrees laterally

56
Q

What way does the lower limb rotate in week 7

A

90 degrees medially

57
Q

What is a dermatome

A

Area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve and its ganglion

58
Q

What is a cutaneous nerve area

A

Area of skin supplied by a peripheral nerve

59
Q

What is amelia

A

Loss of limbs

60
Q

What is meromelia

A

partial loss of limbs

61
Q

What is hemimelia

A

Loss of one limb

62
Q

What is phocomelia

A

Loss of proximal part of limb

63
Q

What is syndactyly

A

Webbed digits

64
Q

What is brachydactyly

A

loss of digits

65
Q

What is polydactyly

A

Excess number of digits

66
Q

What is bifurcate hand

A

forked hand

67
Q

What is talipes equinovarus

A

club foot - twisted foot in way where sole of foot cannot be placed flat on the ground

68
Q

What gender is congenital hip dysplasia more common in

A

females

MSK (36 decks)

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