Introduction to Livestock and Poultry Building Flashcards
Main purpose of livestock production
Convert the energy in feed into products that can be utilized by human beings
Construction of buildings and other livestock structures
Provide for some environmental control, reduced waste of purchased feedstuffs and better control of diseases and parasites
Indigenous breeds and low-cost feeding =
low performance
Importance of animal behavior aspects in the design of animal housing facilities
Increases with the intensity of production and the degree of confinement
uses small inputs of labor, fertilizers, and
capital, relative to the land area being farmed.
o all animal production adapted to the
existing environment.
Extensive Farming
higher levels of input and output per cubic unit
of agricultural land area.
Intensive Farming
capacity of an animal to produce differs between species, breeds and strains as a result of…
genetic factors.
different types of physical constructions that are put up in a farm for the purpose of livestock and crop production.
Farm Structures
▪ physical age and weight are the main factors
determining social rank, sex, height and breed
can also be an influence.
▪ usually fight to establish dominant/subordinate
relationships.
Social Rank Order
behavior variation within a species is caused
mainly by differences in the environment and
between the sexes, breed, strain and individual variance also has an influence.
Behavior Pattern
Dairy Cattle (Average (°C) Range (°C)
38.6 38.0-39.3
Beef Cattle (Average (°C) Range (°C)
38.3 36.7-39.1
Pig Average (°C) Range (°C)
39.2 38.7-39.8
Sheep Average (°C) Range (°C)
Sheep 39.1 38.3-39.9
Goat RANGE
Goat 38.7-40.7
Horse Average (°C) Range (°C)
37.9 37.2-38.2
Chicken Average (°C) Range (°C)
Chicken 41.7 40.6-43.0
Human AVERAGE
Human 37.0
acts as a body
thermostat by stimulating
mechanisms to counteract either
high or low ambient temperatures
Hypothalamus
is used to counteract
low ambient temperatures
reased conversion of feed-to HEAT ENERGY
in
the skin counteracts high ambient
temperatures
increased respiration (rate and
volume) and blood circulation
by means of convection, conduction
and radiation
sensible heat
through the evaporation of moisture from the lungs and skin
latent heat
no change in phase
Sensible heat
Change in phase
Latent heat
Heat and moisture produced by the
animals confined in a structure must
be removed by_
ventilation
in the tropics, sufficient air flow is usually provided by the use of
open-sided structures
Chicks make no noise, Chicks pant, head
and wings droop. Chicks away from brooder
Temperature Too High
Chicks evenly spread. Noise level signifies
contentment
Temperature Correct
Chicks crowd to brooder. Chicks noisy, distress-calling
Temperature Too Low
This distribution requires
investigation. Influenced by THIS
– uneven light distribution – external
noises.
Draught
a mean daily
temperature in the range 10 - 20°C
Comfort zone
poultry do not have
SWEAT GLANDS
varying abilities to sweat and, in descending
order
horse, donkey, cattle, buffalo, goat, sheep
and pig
___in the air will cause
irritation of the mucous membranes
excessively low humidity
__may promote the
growth of fungus infections and also contribute
to decay in structures.
excessively high humidity
If possible, keep the relative humidity in the
range
40 to 80%.
heat gain by radiation can be effectively
reduced by the
provision of a shaded area.
▪ grass-covered ground
the shade will reflect less radiation than
BARE SOIL
wind velocity__ is generally regarded
as a minimum requirement, but it can be
increased to —
0.2 m/s
increased to 1.0 m/s.
___may penetrate the fur of an animal
and decrease its insulation value.
HEAVY RAIN
will resist water
penetration and with the provision of a shelter
for the animals the problem may be avoided
altogether
Naturally greasy hair coat
Bos taurus
4 °C to 24 °C
Bos indicus
(15–27 °C).
Beef cattle make their best weight gains at
temperatures below
25 °C.
They can easily
tolerate temperatures below __ if they have
a good supply of feed.
0 °C
require a change in ambient temperature
as they age and grow and show a decreased
feed intake when under heat stress.
PIGS
piglets survive and develop best at_____initially, followed by a gradual
reduction to__ over the first three
weeks.
piglets survive and develop best at 30–
32°C initially, followed by a gradual
reduction to 20 °C over the first three
weeks.
feeder pigs ____ make
good gains in the temperature range __with __ reported to be optimum.
feeder pigs (weighing 30–65 kg) make
good gains in the temperature range 10–
25°C, with 24 °C reported to be optimum.
The optimal ambient temperature for pigs
weighing 75–120 kg
15°C.
can tolerate a wide range of temperatures but should be protected from
wind and rain.
SHEEP
a long period of high ambient
temperatures inhibits__
REPRODUCTION
— also reduces the lambing
percentage, decreases the incidence of
twinning, and decreases the birth weight
of lambs
heat stress
when temperatures are below ___at
breeding time, ewes show improved
reproductive efficiency.
7°C
are affected by temperature, humidity
and rain o in hot , goats need shelter from
intense heat during the day.
Goats
IN GOATS excessive wetting from rain can cause __
pneumonia and an increase in parasitic
infestation.
Chicks should be started at ___; as from one
week, the temperature is reduced gradually to
___by the ___week
Chicks should be started at 35ºC; as from one
week, the temperature is reduced gradually to
24°C by the 5th week
broilers and young turkeys reared at ambient
temperatures below ___are heavier than
similar stock reared within the ___range,
but their feed conversion efficiency will be
lower.
broilers and young turkeys reared at ambient
temperatures below 18°C are heavier than
similar stock reared within the 18–35°C range,
but their feed conversion efficiency will be
lower.
Laying birds produce the greatest number of
eggs and the largest-sized eggs at ___
aying birds produce the greatest number of
eggs and the largest-sized eggs at 13–24°C.
The best feed conversion efficiency is achieved
between_____
he best feed conversion efficiency is achieved
between 21°C and 24 °C.
measures should be
incorporated into any building design, so that
a good hygienic standard can be easily
maintained.
sanitary control
newborn stock should always receive __, which contains ___
newborn stock should always receive
colostrum (first milk), which contains
antibodies.
POLICY ON CLEANING
‘all-in, all-out’ policy
good husbandry includes _________
of the animals to detect any change in
behavior that could indicate disease.
regular observation
sick animals should be _______ from the
herd immediately to prevent further spread of
infectious disease and to allow them to rest
separated
have only a marginal effect on
the animal’s development and production.
acoustic factors
varies with latitude
and season and has a direct influence on
animal performance, especially on the
breeding season for sheep and poultry egg
productio
▪ day length or photoperiod
_____ can carry micro-organisms, which may
cause an outbreak of disease.
DUST
____are produced by
manure that accumulates in buildings or
storage facilities.
▪ toxic and noxious gases
For construction of farm buildings ______ is most important.
For construction of farm buildings selection of
site is most important.
4 soils that are not suitable
marcy, clay, sandy, rock 2
2 soils are best suited for
building construction.
loamy and gravely soils
of rain and subsoil water
should be provided to keep healthy
environment and to protect the building from
dampness.
proper drainage
____needed for farm operations
like washing, fodder cultivation, processing of
milk and by-products and for drinking.
plenty of water i
needed for operating various machines and
light source.
electricity
you will need this if the farm building is in an open or exposed
area, the wind breaks in the farm of tall quick
growing trees should be grown near the
building.
. Protection from wind and solar radiation
farm site should be away from noise
producing factory/chemical industry, sewage
disposing area.
. Protection from noise and other disturbance
here should be vast area to construct all
building and should give way to future
expansion of farm.
b. Availability of land
farm should be away from the city but at the
same time it should be nearer to city thereby
the products produced from the farm could be
marketed easily.
. Availability of market facility
farm buildings should be provided with good
road and also have the accessibility to reach
the market.
Transport facility
other facilities like availability of telephone,
nearby school for children of farm workers,
post office, shopping center and entertainment
facilities should be provided.
. Miscellaneous
it will give opportunity to study the need of
smaller group with regard to floor space,
feeding space required for different kinds of
animals.
. Designing for unit
building shape and design should meet the
needs of all classes of livestock.
. Structural form
- this will increase the utility of buildings
Designing for flexibility
is designed to suit the local climatic
conditions.
. Shape of the roof
roof necessary for hot
condition.
- gable with roof ventilator
__ roof is suitable for building with
smaller width.
monitor roof
should follow building standards.
Standard width of buildings
