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ZOOT > Digestive system > Flashcards

Digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

Physical and chemical breakdown of feeds as they pass through the gastrointestinal tract.

A

Digestion

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2
Q

Physical reduction of particle size

A

Mastication

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3
Q

Act of swallowing

A

Deglutition

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4
Q

Bringing of swallowed food up again to the mouth

A

Regurgitation

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5
Q

Major Structures

A

oral cavity
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestines
large intestines

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6
Q

Accessory Organs

A

liver
gallbladder
pancreas
salivary glands

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7
Q

Prominent transverse folds of thick mucous membrane covering the hard palate

A

Palatine Rugae

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8
Q

Used primarily for grinding food and mixing it with saliva, but may also serve as a prehensile organ (grasping mechanism and as a defensive and offensive weapon).

A

Mouth

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9
Q

Protrudes above the gum line

A

Crown

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10
Q

Part found at the gum line

A

Neck

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11
Q

Embedded in the tooth socket

A

Root

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12
Q

Teeth that present at birth

A

Temporary or milk teeth

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13
Q

Teeth that persist throughout

A

Adult teeth

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14
Q

Carnivores, omnivores and incisors of ruminants; possess crown, neck and root; grown to adult size; wear away without further growth, and no eruption to compensate for the wear

A

True teeth

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15
Q

All domestic animals also are

A

diphyodont

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16
Q

Tushes of pig and incisor teeth of rodents; do not possess a definite neck or root; grow from persistent active pulp

A

Constantly growing teeth

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17
Q

Entire dentition of equine and cheek teeth of ruminants; possesses extremely long root and no definite neck; filling in of bone pushes the teeth out of the socket to compensate for the wear.

A

Constantly erupting teeth

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18
Q

Cutting teeth – nippers

A

Incisors

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19
Q

Tearing or seizing teeth – holding teeth

A

Canines

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20
Q

Grinding or shearing teeth

A

Premolars and molars

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21
Q

All teeth are similar

A

Homodont dentition

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22
Q

All teeth have gone differentiation – incisors, canine, molars, premolars

A

Heterodont dentition

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23
Q

When several primitive cones come together to form one tooth –cheek teeth of the pig

A

 Bunodont dentition

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24
Q

When the cones become ridges – cheek teeth of the horse

A

Lophodont dentition

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25
Q

When the ridges becomes sharp – cheek teeth of ox

A

Selenodont dentition

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26
Q

When the enamel of the tooth is restricted to the crown – teeth of dog ( short crowned teeth)

A

Brachydont dentition

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27
Q

When much of the crown is embedded in the gum – cheek teeth of horse.

A

Hypsodont dentition

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28
Q

Divided into a free apex at the rostral end, a meaty body, and a caudal root adjacent to the pharynx

A

Tongue

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29
Q

Found in all domestic animals

A

Filiform, fungiform, and vallate papillae

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30
Q

Present in the horse, pig, and dog, but not in ruminants

A

Foliate papillae

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31
Q

Do not bear taste but all other types of papillae do.

A

Filiform and conical papillae

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32
Q

Most numerous of the lingual papillae; fine, small, coneshaped papillae (hair-like) covering most of the dorsum of the tongue

A

Filiform papillae

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33
Q

Club shaped projections; scattered amongst the filiform papillae; have taste buds

A

Fungiform papillae

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34
Q

Short vertical folds; appear as a series of red colored, leaf–like ridges of mucosa; bear many taste buds

A

Foliate papillae

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35
Q

Are dome-shaped; large, circular projections surrounded by a deep groove; with taste buds

A

Circumvallate papillae (or vallate papillae)

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36
Q

One of the sparsely scattered elevations on the tongue, often considered to be modified filiform papillae

A

Conical papilla

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37
Q

The common passage for food and air, is caudal to oral and nasal cavities, and is lined by mucous membrane and surrounded by muscles

A

Pharynx

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38
Q

3 parts of pharynx

A

NASOPHARYNX
OROPHARYNX
LARYNGOPHARYNX

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39
Q

A muscular tube extending
from the pharynx to the
stomach just caudal to the diaphragm

A

Esophagus

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40
Q

3 parts of esophagus

A

 cervical
 horacic
 abdominal

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41
Q

Has voluntary as far as the base of the heart

Has a well marked cardiac sphincter, vomiting in horse is extremely rare, it is the only domestic animal in which acute gastric dilatation can occur to the point of rupture of the stomach wall without vomiting.

A

Horse

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42
Q

Has easily dilatable and voluntary throughout

A

Ox/sheep

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43
Q

Has voluntary until the last few inches near the cardia

A

Pig

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44
Q

Has voluntary throughout

A

Dog

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45
Q

Vomit easily

A

Carnivores and omnivores

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46
Q

Digestive System Stomach – Nonruminants - 4 layers

A

Serosa Muscularis Submucosa Mucosa

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47
Q

Covers the outer surface of the stomach, continuous with the parietal peritoneum

A

Serosa

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48
Q

Muscularis – 3 layers of smooth muscle

A

Outer longitudinal muscle, Middle circular muscle, Internal oblique muscle

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49
Q

Contains vessels and nerves

A

Submucosa

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50
Q

Mucosa – 2 parts

A

Esophageal part
Glandular part

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51
Q

contains gastric glands, divided into 3 regions - Cardiac region – closest to the esophageal region, contains cardiac gland (mucous glands), do not produce enzyme

A

Glandular part

52
Q

white, no glands, composed of stratified squamous epithelium

A

Esophageal part

53
Q

Body of the stomach, contains fundic glands (true gastric glands, composed of 3 types of cells, body chief cells, neck chief cells, and parietal cells.

A

Fundic region

54
Q

Secretes mucus and small amount of proteolytic enzymes, no parietal cells.

A

Pyloric region – pyloric glands

55
Q

The smaller glandular portion of the stomach in the ruminant.

A

Abomasum

56
Q

Honey-comb; smallest section; most anterior of the compartments; lies entirely on the left median plane; acts as a liquid reservoir to soften heavy matter in food

A

Reticulum

57
Q

Paunch; largest part of the adult compound stomach; fermentation vat, an organ of maceration, a site of bacterial digestion and an organ of absorption

A

Rumen

58
Q

Many plies; grinds food more finely and absorb excess moisture; broad longitudinal folds or leaves reminiscent of the pages in a book; not concern in rumination

A

Omasum

59
Q

True or glandular stomach; secretes gastric enzymes and hydrochloric acid

A

Abomasum

60
Q

Anterior end

A

fundic portion

61
Q

Posterior extension of the fundus

A

Body

62
Q

Connected to the small intestine

A

Pyloric

63
Q

Tube connecting the stomach to the cecum and large intestine; suspended from the dorsal part of the abdominal cavity by a fold of peritoneum called great mesentery ; absorption of nutrients from gastric and intestinal digestion occurs;

A

Small Intestine

64
Q

3 parts of small intestine

A

duodenum jejunum ileum

65
Q

5% of the total length; s-shaped which contains the pancreas

A

duodenum

66
Q

90% of the total length; has no distinct demarcation from either the duodenum or the ileum; forms the mesenteric part of the intestine, and generally in the left dorsal position of the abdominal cavity

A

jejunum

67
Q

4-5% of the total length

A

ileum

68
Q

Crypt of Lieberkuhn – found throughout the small intestines

A

Intestinal gland

69
Q

Brunner’s glands – found in the first part of the small intestine; produce a mucus-rich alkaline secretion

A

Duodenal gland

70
Q

Secrete mucus for lubrication and protection

A

Goblet cells

71
Q

Secrete water and electrolytes

A

Enterocytes

72
Q

Secrete hormones

A

Enteroendocrine cells

73
Q

Secrete antimicrobial peptides

A

Paneth cells

74
Q

Reabsorbs the water and electrolytes

A

Villi

75
Q

Cul de sac, blind sac situated between the ileum and the great colon; comma-shaped and lies to the right of the median plane ; consist of body, base and apex

A

Cecum

76
Q

Colon – 3 parts

A

ascending colon
transverse colon descending colon

77
Q

Forms a short connection that runs transversely from the distal ascending colon to proximal descending colon, running from right to left side of the abdomen.

A

transverse colon

78
Q

Relatively straight, running caudad on the left side of the abdomen to the pelvic cavity, where it terminates as the rectum.

A

descending colon

79
Q

Terminal part of the intestine and is found in the pelvic cavity

A

rectum

80
Q

Terminal part of the alimentary tract, continuous with the skin

A

Anus

81
Q

Retracts the partial prolapse that the anus undergoes during defecation.

A

Retractor ani

82
Q

Tethers the liver to the ventral midline

A

Falciform ligament

83
Q

Spanning between the left kidney and spleen

A

Renosplenic (nephrosplenic) ligament

84
Q

Connecting the liver and proximal duodenum

A

Hepatoduodenal ligament

85
Q

Parts of the peritoneum connecting the stomach with other structures.

A

Omentum

86
Q

Extending from the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver

A

lesser omentum

87
Q

Attached to the greater curvature of the stomach (and the comparable portion of the ruminant stomach).

A

greater omentum

88
Q

Provides digestive enzymes, is a route of excretion of substances which accumulate on the teeth and provides lubricative and also cleansing functions

A

Salivary Glands

89
Q

Located ventral to the ear in relation to the caudal border of the mandible

A

Parotid salivary gland

90
Q

Usually located ventral to the parotid gland, just caudal to the mandible.

A

Mandibular salivary gland

91
Q

Located deep to the mucous membrane along the ventral side of the lateral surface of the tongue near the floor of the mouth.

A

Sublingual salivary gland

92
Q

Secrete a watery clear fluid

A

Serous glands

93
Q

Secrete mucus, a viscous material that acts as a protective covering for the surface of mucous membranes

A

Mucous glands

94
Q

Produces both mucus and serous fluids.

A

Mixed gland

95
Q

Secretes primarily serous saliva

A

Parotid salivary gland

96
Q

Glands are classified as mixed glands in domestic farm animals. most of the minor salivary glands have a mucous secretion

A

Mandibular and sublingual

97
Q

A compound gland; an irregularly lobulated organ that lies adjacent to the proximal duodenum (first loop of the duodenum)

A

Pancreas

98
Q

Produces sodium bicarbonate and digestive enzymes, which pass through the pancreatic ducts

A

exocrine (acinar) portion

99
Q

Consists of isolated groups of pale-staining cells scattered throughout the gland called the pancreatic islets (formerly islets of Langerhans); produce the hormones that pass directly into the bloodstream most notably glucagon and insulin, which are the primary regulators of blood sugar levels.

A

Endocrine portion

100
Q

Make glucagon, which raises the level of glucose (sugar) in the blood

A

Alpha cells

101
Q

Make insulin

A

Beta cells

102
Q

Make somatostatin which inhibits the release of numerous other hormones in the body.

A

Delta cells

103
Q

Largest gland in the body, constituting 1–2% of total adult body weight.

Situated posterior to the diaphragm and conforms closely to the shape of that structure.

A

Liver

104
Q

Branch of the celiac artery

A

Hepatic artery

105
Q

Main trunk of the portal system

A

Portal vein

106
Q

Enters the posterior vena cava

A

Hepatic vein

107
Q

Blood enters the liver via

A

Portal vein
hepatic artery

108
Q

Blood leaves the liver via

A

Hepatic vein

109
Q

Liver
Functions

A

§ Bile production and excretion
§ Excretion of bilirubin, cholesterol, hormones, and drugs
§ Metabolism of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates
§ Enzyme activation
§ Storage of glycogen, vitamins, and minerals
§ Synthesis of plasma proteins, such as albumin, and clotting factors
§ Blood detoxification and purification

110
Q

All domestic animals except the - have a gallbladder for storage of bile.

A

horse

111
Q

The morphologic unit of the liver is the

A

Hepatic lobule

112
Q

In and around the sinusoids are fixed macrophages, which in this location are called

A

Kupffer cells

113
Q

3 lobes: middle or central, and left lobes; no gallbladder

A

Equine

114
Q

Not divided into lobes

A

Bovine

115
Q

5 lobes: left lateral, left central, right central, right lateral, and caudate lobe

A

Canine

115
Q

4 lobes: right lateral, right medial, left lateral, and left medial

A

Porcine

116
Q

Longitudinal opening between oral and nasal cavities

A

choanal cleft

117
Q

The esophagus features a distensible dilation

A

crop or ingluvies

117
Q

First chamber is the proventriculus or glandular stomach, which provides pepsin and hydrochloric acid for

A

bipartite stomach:

118
Q

Second chamber, the gizzard (muscular stomach or ventriculus muscularis) - highly keratinized mucosa on the inside, the cuticle, forms a thick, leathery sheet, which is removed during processing for human consumption; has grit

A

enzymatic digestion

119
Q

Remnant of the embryonic connection to the yolk sac

A

Meckel’s diverticulum

119
Q

An expanded region of the large intestine that is common to the gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts

A

Cloaca

119
Q

A dilated region that temporarily holds feces

A

Coprodeum

120
Q

Has openings for the 2 ureter

A

Urodeum

120
Q

The anus of the bird is often referred

A

Vent

121
Q

Last portion, houses the male reproductive organ, has the opening of the Bursa of Fabricius

A

Proctodeum

ZOOT (8 decks)

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