Introduction to Kinesiology & Biomechanical Principles Flashcards
Definition
Describes the motion of a ”body” without regard to the forces that may produce them
Kinematics
Definition:
All parts of rigid body move parallel to and in the same direction as every other part of the body
Translation
Definition:
Rigid body moves in a circular path around some pivot point
Rotation
Center of mass is at a point where the object can be balanced. The center of mass always shifts to the (heavier/lighter) side.
Heavier
Definition:
Point around which motion is zero(usually located within or very close to joint)
Axis of rotation
Definition:
Motion of bones
Osteokinematics
You describe osteokinematic motion relative to how many Cardinal Planes of Motion? Name those cardinal planes of motion.
3
Sagittal plane, frontal/coronal plane, and horizontal/transverse plane
The sagittal plane divides the body into (left/right / superior/inferior) halves
Right and left
The frontal/coronal plane divides the body into (anterior/posterior / superior/inferior) sections
Anterior/posterior
The horizontal/transverse plane divides the body into (superior/inferior / anterior/posterior) halves
Superior/inferior
Axis of Rotation is in a plane (perpendicular/parallel) to the plane in which the motion is occurring
Perpendicular
The ML (medial-lateral) axis is the axis that is perpendicular to the ___ plane.
Sagittal
The AP (anterior-posterior) axis is the axis that is perpendicular to the ___ plane.
Frontal
The longitudinal (vertical) axis is the axis that is perpendicular to the ____ plane
Horizontal/transverse
Name osteokinematic motions that occur in the sagittal plane
Flexion/extension
Dorsi/plantar flexion
Forward and backward bending (also flexion/extension)
Name osteokinematic motions that occur in the frontal plane
Adduction/abduction Inversion/eversion Ulnar deviation / radial deviation Lateral flexion Elevation / depression
Name osteokinematic motions that occur in the horizontal (transverse) plane
Medial/lateral rotation
Pronation/ supination
Axial rotation (turn of the spine)
(Open chain /closed chain) – distal segment is not fixed to the ground
Open chain
Open kinetic chain – the hand or foot is free to move
(Closed chain/open chain) – distal segment is fixed to the ground
Closed chain
Closed kinetic chain – the hand or foot is fixed in space and cannot move
(Open chain/Closed chain): Isolated exercises – Bench press, bicep curl, tricep extension, leg extension, lat pull downs
Open chain
(Closed chain/Open chain): Multjoint exercises, ADL (activities of daily living) exercises use this chain, more functional (use this chain for real life) – pushup, deadlift, calf raise, squats, lunges
Closed chain
Definition:
Used to describe the movement that is occurring between the articular surfaces of a particular joint
Arthrokinematics
What are the three arthrokinematic movements you learned in class?
Roll, slide, & spin
What motions of different joints have we learned constitutes a spin?
Flexion/extension of the hip
Flexion/extension of the shoulder
Adduction/abduction of the hip
Internal / external rotation of the hip
Roll and slide are opposite in direction
Convex on concave or concave on convex?
Convex on concave
Roll and slide are in the same direction
Concave on convex or convex on concave?
Concave on convex
The roll occurs in the (same/opposite) direction of the segment that’s moving.
Same
To determine whether or not a segment is rolling posteriorly or anteriorly you have to think back to anatomical position.
True or false?
True
Concave or convex?
Glenoid
Tibia
Ulna
Concave
Convex or concave?
Femur
Humerus
Talus
Convex
Joints tend to “fit best” or be in maximal congruency in one particular position in the range of motion
.
This point is usually at or close to the end range of a motion.
In this position most ligaments and joint capsules are pulled taut.
Accessory movements are typically minimal in this position.
Joint is very stable in this position.
Closed Packed Position or Loose packed position?
Close packed position
All other positions of the joint, ligaments relatively slackened, accessory movements are increased, joint surfaces are less congruent
Closed Packed Position or Loose Packed position?
Loose packed position
Definition:
Branch in the study of mechanics that focuses on the effect of forces on the body
Kinetics
(Internal/External) force - Produced from structures located within the body
Internal
(External/Internal) force - Forces that are outside the body (gravity, external weight)
External
What is the perpendicular distance between the axis of rotation and the force?
Moment (lever) Arm
What is the formula for Torque?
Torque (T) = Force X Distance (Moment Arm)
What type of contraction?
Muscle is producing pulling force while maintaining a constant length.
Isometric
When the internal torque = the external torque, what kind of contraction is that?
Isometric
What type of contraction?
Muscle is producing a pulling force as it contracts (shortens).
Concentric
When the internal torque > external torque, what kind of contraction is it?
Concentric
What type of contraction?
Muscle is producing a pulling force as it lengthens due to a larger external force.
Eccentric
When the external torque > internal torque, what kind of contraction is it?
Eccentric
Which class of lever?
Axis of rotation is between its opposing forces.
1st class
Which class of lever?
Axis of rotation is at one end of a bone and the muscle force has greater leverage than the external force. These are extremely rare in the human body.
2nd class
Which class of lever?
Axis of rotation is at one end of a bone and the external force has greater leverage than the muscle force. This is the most common lever in the human body.
3rd class
The moment arm of a muscle gets (shorter/longer) as you contract farther and get it to a steeper (acute) joint angle
Shorter
The greatest moment arm of a muscle is at (midrange/end range) , this is where the moment arm of a muscle is at its longest point because it gets a maximal horizontal distance away from the fulcrum
Mid range
At an obtuse angle as you are lengthening the muscle the moment arm gets (shorter/longer)
Shorter
What is the formula for mechanical advantage (MA)?
Internal moment arm / external moment arm
Which class lever?
Can have MA equal to, less than, or greater than 1
1st
Which class lever?
Always has MA greater than 1?
2nd
Which class lever?
Always has MA less than 1?
3rd
(Static/Dynamic) equilibrium - when the linear or rotational velocity are zero (the body is not moving)
Static
(Dynamic/Static) equilibrium - when the linear and/or rotational velocity is not zero but is constant (the body is not accelerating)
Dynamic
Definition:
Point about which mass is evenly distributed in all directions
Center of Mass
Definition:
The amount of energy required to alter the velocity of a body
Inertia
If the center of mass is farther from a joint it will have a (greater/smaller) mass moment of inertia
Greater
If the COM of a limb is further from a joint, it makes it (harder/easier) to move. If the COM of a limb is closer to a joint, it makes it (easier/harder) to move the joint.
Harder; Easier
Think of a straight leg hip flexion versus a bent leg hip flexion.. You can move the leg a lot faster when the leg is bent.
Acceleration is (inversely/directly) proportional to mass moment of inertia
Inversely
Torque (T) = I x a
Definition:
Force that is produced by the ground while someone is standing or walking
Ground reaction force
Foot produces a force against the ground and , and Newtons Third Law dictates that the ground generates the “ground reaction force” in the equal but opposite magnitude.
Joint reaction forces act opposite to the (internal/external) muscle force
Internal
JRFs are always kind of opposite to the internal muscle force right so it’s that idea of every action has an equal and opposite reaction. The muscle forces are pulling in one way and the joint is going to have to act upon that because we’re in static equilibrium.
The longer the external moment arm, the (more/less) force the internal force has to apply to overcome the external force
More
When you go at a slow speed, there is more time to recruit motor units of your muscle and you are going to end up with (more/less) force. When you have less time or a faster speed you’re not going to be able to recruit as many motor units and so there’s going to be (less/more) force.
More; Less
