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Kinesiology I > Cervical & Thoracic Spine > Flashcards

Cervical & Thoracic Spine Flashcards

1
Q

A primary curve that is present in newborns and remains throughout our development in the thoracic & sacral regions.

Kyphotic or Lordotic curve?

A

Kyphotic curve

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2
Q

A secondary curve that develops in the cervical and lumbar region.
Cervical: infant starts demonstrating head control against gravity.
Lumbar: develops as infant begins to sit upright, stand, walk.

Lordotic or Kyphotic curve?

A

Lordotic curve

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3
Q

(Lordosis/Kyphosis) – Normal inward curvatures in the cervical and lumbar regions

A

Lordosis

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4
Q

(Kyphosis/Lordosis) - normal outward curvature specifically in the thoracic region

A

Kyphosis

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5
Q

Curve convex anteriorly and concave posteriorly. “Secondary” curve, develops with maturation and secondary to muscle pull and upright posture.

Lordosis or Kyphosis?

A

Lordosis

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6
Q

Curve concave anteriorly and convex posteriorly. Space for major organs in the thoracic and pelvic cavities.

Kyphosis or Lordosis?

A

Kyphosis

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7
Q

Extension (increases/decreases) the cervical and lumbar lordosis and (reduces/increases) the thoracic khyphosis

A

increases; reduces

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8
Q

Flexion (decreases/increases) cervical and lumbar lordosis but (increases/decreases) thoracic khyphosis

A

decreases; increases

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9
Q

There is an external torque that is being created by gravity so the line of gravity will fall posterior to the lordosis at the neck creating an (extension/flexion) torque, but then it falls anterior to the thoracic curve creating a (flexion/extension) torque, and then posterior to the lordotic curve of the lumbar spine creating an (extension/flexion) torque. So this alternation at different regions of the spine allows there to be balance in the overall net torque experienced at the spine as close to zero as possible. With that being the case there is less muscle activation required to stand and the netting out of torques mean I do not have to use my internal force generators to negate the external.

A

extension; flexion; extension

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10
Q

The (thoracic/cervical/lumbar) spine is the best spine for limiting anterior shear force because of the 60 degree orientation of the facet joints is almost in the frontal plane.

A

Thoracic

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11
Q

As we move into the lumbar spine we start to shift more to the (sagittal/frontal) plane because the facet joints are aligned differently.

A

Sagittal

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12
Q

Intervertebral discs are (fibrocartilaginous/fibrous) .

A

Fibrocartilaginous

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13
Q

The (taller/shorter) the height of the disc and the more (thicker/thinner) the intervertebral disc is, the more motion it permits

A

taller; thicker

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14
Q

If the vertebral segment moves into (flexion/extension), the annulus compresses anteriorly and is stretched posteriorly. The nucleus pulposus will move posteriorly.

A

flexion

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15
Q

Cervical rotation at C1/C2 is very (large/small)

A

Large

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16
Q

In the cervical spine, C1-C2 is responsible for about ___% of the cervical rotation.

A

50

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17
Q

In the thoracic spine, (flexion and extension/rotation) is limited

A

Flexion and extension

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18
Q

The facet joints would be under the most compression/load in the trunk during (extension/flexion) . In (flexion/extension) there is little to no load because you are pulling the facet joints apart.

A

Extension; flexion

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19
Q

The facet joints on the right side would open up if I (left/right) side bend and the (left/right) ones would be compressed. This is something we can use as PTs because we know if you side bend and you have pain and you bend the opposite way and you do not have pain maybe it has something to do with the closing and opening up of the facet joints.

A

left; left

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20
Q

A facet joints load would be (increased/decreased) if the disc was degenerated because the disc would not be dispersing forces as well and the load has to go on the facet joints. If the disc is degenerated/shrunk the vertebral bodies would move closer together and now the facet joints would be more in contact with each other.

A

increased

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21
Q

If an individual is lifting something heavy and all the movement is coming from the lumbar spine and now you have increased force through your spinal erectors having to compensate for the large moment arm. The large moment arm of the weight being way out in front of a person is causing the spinal erectors to work really hard to lift that weight. If the spinal erectors compress the spine and they have to increase their internal force in order to lift the weight, the disc is being compressed in flexion and now you have the potential to drive the disc backwards. So when you tell someone to bend their knees it is with the hope of making the lumbar extensors work (less/more) and sparing the disc of the extra pressure.

A

less

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22
Q

The collagen fibers running in (multiple/one) direction(s) on the annulus fibrosus allows the intervertebral disc to resist forces in a multitude of directions.

A

multiple

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23
Q

In (flexion/extension) the intervertebral foramen increase in size.

A

Flexion

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24
Q

In (flexion/extension) the annulus bulges anteriorly and the nucleus pulposus migrates posteriorly.

A

Flexion

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25
Q

In (flexion/extension), the posterior longitudinal ligament is on tension because it has to resist that movement.

A

Flexion

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26
Q

If a ligament sits (anterior/posterior) to the axis of rotation of the spine then you know in extension the ligament will be on tension and in flexion it will be slacking.

A

anterior

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27
Q

If I lateral side bend to the left, the inter transverse ligament on the left will be on (slack/tensed) and the inter transverse ligament on the right would be on tension.

A

slack

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28
Q

Spinal ligaments tend to have a very (large/small) elastic range

A

large

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29
Q

In full extension you have very (little/large) stress on your spinal ligaments. In the neutral position you still have very (little/large) stress so this would be the neutral zone. When you get to full flexion (think of bending your toes all the way) of the spine there is __% strain on the ligaments and failure occurs at ___ %. So it gets injured because of its elasticity well past the normal ROM. We are talking trauma, a car accident, etc for a ligament to reach its failure point.
In the neutral zone, the amount of room that I have to move my spine before something starts to stop it from moving is much bigger if you have more elastin (more ligamentous elasticity).

A

little; little; 50; 70

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30
Q

In extension of the vertebral column the intervertebral foramen closes down and gets (smaller/larger)

A

smaller

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31
Q

In extension of the vertebral column, the intervertebral disc the annulus bulges (posterior/anterior) and the nucleus migrates (anterior/posterior)

A

posterior; anterior

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32
Q

In extension of the vertebral column, the anterior ligaments are on (tension/slacked) and the posterior ligaments are (slacked/ on tension).

A

tension; slacked

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33
Q

If you laterally bend to the left, the intervertebral foramen on the left (closes down/opens up) while the intervertebral foramen on the right (opens up/closes down).

A

closes down; opens up

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34
Q

If you laterally bend to the left, the intervertebral disc rocks to the left, the annulus bulges (left/right) and the nucleus migrates to the (right/left)

A

left; right

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35
Q

If you laterally bend to the left, ligaments on the left will be (slacked/ on tension) while the ligaments on the right will be (on tension/slacked)

A

slacked; on tension

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36
Q

What region is the most mobile section of the spine?

A

Cervical

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37
Q

What are the typical cervical vertebrae?

A

C3-C6

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38
Q

What are the atypical cervical vertebrae?

A

C1, C2, C7

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39
Q

__ is the largest cervical vertebrae

A

C7

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40
Q

What are the osteokinematic motions that occur at the atlantoccipital (OA) joint?

A

Flexion/extension and maybe lateral flexion

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41
Q

In regard to flexion/extension in the cervical spine, __ to ___% of total motion happens at the OA joint

A

20 to 25

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42
Q

For the OA joint in flexion, it is an ______ roll and posterior _____

A

anterior; slide

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43
Q

For the OA joint in extension , it is an ______ roll and _____ slide

A

posterior; anterior

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44
Q

What is the osteokinematic motion that occurs at the atlantoaxial joint?

A

Cervical rotation

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45
Q

For the AA joint with right rotation, the flat right inferior facet of the atlas slides ____ on the flat superior facet of the axis

A

posterior

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46
Q

What are the osteokinematic motions that occur in the lower cervical spine?

A

Flexion/extension, cervical rotation, and lateral flexion/side bending

47
Q

For flexion in the cervical vertebrae, the inferior articular facet of the superior vertebrae slide ________ and _______

A

superior; anterior

48
Q

For extension in the cervical vertebrae, the inferior articular facet of the superior vertebrae slide ______ and _____

A

inferior; posterior

49
Q

Rotation to the right increases the intervertebral foramen space on the (left/right).

A

left

50
Q

Right cervical rotation means that the inferior facet slides posterior and slightly inferior on the (right/left), along with anterior and slightly superior on the (left/right).

A

right; left

51
Q

In cervical lateral flexion to the right, the inferior articular facet of the superior vertebrae slides (inferiorly and posteriorly/superiorly and anteriorly) and the left slide slides (superiorly and anteriorly/ inferiorly and posteriorly) .

A

inferiorly and posteriorly ; superiorly and anteriorly

52
Q

What plane of motion does cervical protraction and retraction happen in?

A

Sagittal

53
Q

ROM of cervical protraction is typically a lot (smaller/larger) than retraction

A

Larger

54
Q

Protraction flexes the (lower/upper) cervical spine and extends the (upper/lower) cervical spine

A

lower; upper

55
Q

Retraction extends the (lower/upper) cervical spine and flexes the (upper/lower) cervical spine

A

lower; upper

56
Q

Prolonged protraction may lead to chronic forward head posture, causing increased strain on the craniocervical (extensor/flexor) muscles

A

extensor

57
Q

Let’s say I have a piece of that fibrocartilage disk that is sticking out of my lower cervical spine and I want to nudge it back in, the motion that I need to perform is (retraction/protraction) to extend the lower cervical spine because I know based on disk mechanics that if I go into flexion of the cervical spine it pinches the front and pushes the forces to the back.

A

retraction

58
Q

If the cervical spine is anterior to the axis of rotation you will get pulled into (extension/flexion), whereas if the cervical spine is posterior to the axis of rotation you will get pulled into (flexion/extension). That is why the SCM bilaterally flexes the lower cervical spine and extends the upper cervical spine.

A

extension; flexion

59
Q

The scalenes have a very limited moment arm and the reason is because the overall average vector of that is almost (in line/ out of line) with the axis of rotation. So if you add up all of those different pulls the overall vector is not that big which also results in the scalenes being weak cervical flexors bilaterally and limited cervical rotators ipsilaterally.

A

in line

60
Q

The longus colli is a dynamic anterior longitudinal ligament because one of its’ main goals is to provide vertical (stability/mobility) to the front of the cervical spine because of its’ attachments.

A

stability

61
Q

What is the only muscle that attaches entirely to the anterior spine?

A

Longus colli

62
Q

The longus colli has a (small/large) cross sectional area

A

small

63
Q

The longus colli acts to (flex/extend) the cervical spine and reduce its lordosis

A

flex

64
Q

Longus colli - unilateral activation acts as a (weak/strong) lateral flexor

A

weak

65
Q

Which muscle group has an important role in providing neural feedback regarding the position and rate of head movement and indirectly contributes to balance, equilibrium and eye hand coordination ?

A

The suboccipital muscles

66
Q

In the thoracic spine, flexion/extension (increases/decreases) in the cranial-caudal direction: There is not going to be a ton of room for flexion and extension due to the orientation of the facet joints in the thoracic spine. However, as the orientation of the facets lower in the thoracic vertebrae become more and more like the lumbar vertebrae and now flexion and extension are going to be the predominant motion.

A

increases

67
Q

In the thoracic spine (extension/flexion) is limited by contact of the spinous processes

A

extension

68
Q

In the thoracic spine thoracic rotation (decreases/increases) in the cranial-caudal direction because the mid-Lower T spine has more vertical oriented facets that tend to block rotation

A

decreases

69
Q

The facet orientation in the thoracic spine would indicate that (lateral flexion/ flexion and extension/ rotation) would be the predominant motion, however only about __ degrees to each side.

A

lateral flexion and extension; 25

70
Q

Lateral flexion is limited by what in the thoracic spine ?

A

The rib cage

71
Q

What are the osteokinematic motions the clavicle can perform ?

A

Elevation/Depression, Protraction/Retraction, and axial (longitudinal) rotation

72
Q

Elevation/Depression of the clavicle happens in the ___ plane

A

frontal

73
Q

The clavicle gets more degrees of (elevation/depression) than (depression/elevation)

A

Elevation than depression

74
Q

In elevation/depression the clavicle is (convex/concave) and the sternum is (concave/convex)

A

convex; concave

75
Q

In elevation of the clavicle, the roll is (superior/inferior) and the slide is (inferior/superior)

A

superior; inferior

76
Q

In elevation of the clavicle what ligament is being stretched?

A

The costoclavicular ligament

77
Q

In depression of the clavicle, the roll is (inferior/superior) and the slide is (superior/inferior)

A

inferior; superior

78
Q

In depression of the clavicle what ligament is being stretched?

A

The interclavicular ligament

79
Q

Protraction/Retraction of the clavicle occurs in the ___ plane

A

Horizontal

80
Q

In protraction and retraction the clavicle is (concave/convex) and the sternum is (convex/concave)

A

concave; convex

81
Q

In protraction of the clavicle, there is an (anterior/posterior) roll and an (anterior/posterior) slide

A

anterior; anterior

82
Q

In protraction of the clavicle, there is an elongation of the ____ ligament and (posterior/anterior) capsule ligaments of the SC joint

A

costoclavicular; posterior

83
Q

In retraction of the clavicle, there is a (posterior/anterior) roll and (posterior/anterior) slide

A

posterior; anterior

84
Q

In retraction of the clavicle, there is an elongation of the _____ ligament and (anterior/posterior) capsule ligaments of the SC joint

A

costoclavicular; anterior

85
Q

Axial rotation of the clavicle occurs with raising the arm (overhead/to 45 degrees)

A

overhead

86
Q

Axial rotation of the clavicle (can’t/can) occur with your arm at rest by your side

A

can’t

87
Q

Throughout arm elevation, the clavicle rotates (posteriorly/anteriorly)

A

Posteriorly

88
Q

What are the arthrokinematics that occur in an axial rotation of the clavicle?

A

A spin

89
Q

The ____ joint is an articulation between lateral end of the clavicle and acromion of scapula

A

Acromioclavicular

90
Q

The AC joint is a (flat/round) joint

A

flat

91
Q

If two flat edges meet for a joint (there aren’t/there are) going to be any arthrokinematics present.

A

there aren’t

92
Q

The AC joint is surrounded by capsule which are reinforced by superior and inferior ligaments. The superior ligaments are reinforced by attachments of what two muscles?

A

The deltoid and the trapezius

93
Q

The coracoclavicular ligament is an extrinsic source of stability to the AC joint because it is not actually attached to the joint, it is pulling the clavicle down to the coracoid process, which is another part of the scapula. What two ligaments are a part of the coracoclavicular ligament?

A

The trapezoid and conoid ligament

94
Q

Coracoclavicular ligament (plays/does not play) a role in holding everything up in the the scapula (thereby the whole arm) from the clavicle

A

plays

95
Q

What are the kinematic motions that occur at the AC joint?

A

Upward/Downward rotation, internal/external rotation, & anterior/posterior tilting

96
Q

Out of the kinematic motions that occur at the AC joint, which motions are actually adjustments at the AC joint?

A

Internal/External rotation & Anterior/Posterior tilting

97
Q

Upward rotation at the AC joint is a natural component of what two motions?

A

Abduction or flexion

98
Q

Downward rotation of the AC joint returns the scapula back to anatomic position and is associated with what two motions?

A

Adduction and extension

99
Q

Internal/External rotation & Anterior/Posterior tilting of the AC joint are defined by the motion of the __ ___

A

glenoid fossa

100
Q

During protraction of the scapulothoracic joint , the AC joint (internally/externally) rotates slightly in the horizontal plane. This allows for the scapula to maintain contact with the curved thorax.

A

internally

101
Q

With the elevation of the scapulothoracic joint (shoulder shrug) (anterior/posterior) tilting is needed in order to maintain contact with the curved thorax

A

anterior

102
Q

The clavicle and the scapula are very closely linked, the clavicle and scapula do almost the same exact thing but the little bit of ___ ____ allows for the scapula to adjust slightly and not have to follow the EXACT path of the clavicle for each motion.

A

AC adjustments

103
Q

What are the osteokinematics of the scapulothoracic joint?

A

Elevation/depression, upward/downward rotation, & protraction/retraction

104
Q

Elevation of the scapula is a composite motion from ___ joint and ___ joint rotations

A

SC and AC

105
Q

In elevation of the scapula, the scapula follows the exact path of the clavicle around the ___ joint

A

SC

106
Q

Combined downward rotation at the (AC/SC) joint allows the scapula to remain nearly vertical throughout the elevation

A

AC

107
Q

Protraction/Retraction of the scapula are a summation of horizontal plane rotations at both the __ and __ joints

A

SC and AC

108
Q

Protraction at the SC joint is accompanied by slight internal rotation at the ___ joint

A

AC

109
Q

The __ joint and ___ joint can compensate at each joint to make up for lack of motion at the other

A

SC; AC

110
Q

(Upward/downward) rotation is an integral part of overhead reaching. It is necessary to place the glenoid fossa in a position to support and stabilize the head of the abducted humerus.

A

Upward

111
Q

Complete upward rotation occurs as a summation of clavicular elevation at the ___ joint and scapular upward rotation at the ___ joint. It is essential for full 60 degrees of upward rotation at the _____ joint

A

SC; AC; scapulothoracic

112
Q

(Downward/Upward) rotation occurs as the arm is returned to the side from a raised position (clavicular depression and downward rotation at AC joint)

A

Downward

113
Q

In the thoracic spine there is more (flexion/extension) than (extension/flexion)

A

Flexion than extension

Kinesiology I (8 decks)

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