Introduction to kidney pathology Flashcards
Features of azotemia
Elevation of BUN and creatine related to decreased GFR
Occurs when azotemia becomes associated with a constellation of clinical signs, symptoms, and biochemical abnormalities
Uremia
Glomerular syndrome characterized by acute onset of grossly visible hematuria, mild to moderate proteinuria, and HTN. Often with RBC casts on urine microscopy.
Acute nephritic syndrome
Features of nephrotic syndrome
Heavy proteinuria (>3.5 g/day)
Hypoalbuminemia
Severe edema
Hyperlipidemia and lipiduria
Rapid decline of GFR within hours to days with concurrent dysregulation of fluid and electrolyte balance and retention of metabolic waste products, like urea and creatinine.
Acute kidney injury
Type of cast seen in acute tubular necrosis
Muddy brown granular casts
Effect of renal tubular defects
Polyuria
Nocturia
Electrolyte disorders
Characteristic urine findings in UTI
Bacteriuria and pyuria
WBC casts in pyelonephritis
Symptoms of nephrolithiasis
Renal colic
Hematuria
Recurrent stone formation
Presence of diminished GFR (<60 ml/min/1.73 m^2) for at least three months and albuminuria.
Chronic kidney disease
Type of cast seen in chronic kidney disease
Broad, waxy cast
General histological changes that may be seen in glomerular disease
Hypercellularity
GBM thickening
Hyalinosis
Sclerosis
Features of nephritic syndrome
Hematuria
Azotemia
Variable proteinuria
Oliguria
Edema
HTN
Features of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
Acute nephritis
Proteinuria
Acute renal failure
Azotemia to uremia progressing for months to years
Chronic renal failure
3 types of immune mechanisms of glomerular injury
Antibody mediated injury
Cell mediated injury
Activation of alternate complement pathway
Types of antibody mediated injury causing glomerular injury
In site immune complex deposition
Circulating immune complex deposition
Cytotoxic antibodies
Pattern of immune complex deposition characteristic of circulating and in situ immune complex nephritis
Granular
Pattern of immune complex deposition characteristic of classic anti-GBM disease
Linear
Immune complexes in the glomerulus as subepithelial humps is seen in what
Acute glomerulonephritis
Immune complexes in the glomerulus as epimembranous deposits is seen in what
Membranous nephropathy
Heymann glomerulonephritis
Immune complexes in the glomerulus as subendothelial deposits is seen in what
Lupus nephritis
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
Immune complexes in the glomerulus as mesangial deposits in what
IgA nephropathy
