Diseases of lower urinary tract Flashcards
Congenital anomaly caused by developmental failure in the anterior wall of the abdomen and bladder resulting in the bladder either communicating directly with the surface of the body or lies in an opened sac
Exstrophy of bladder
Reason for predisposition of infections in exstrophy of bladder
Exposed bladder mucosa may undergo colonic glandular metaplasia
What cancer is associated with exstrophy bladder if there is no correction?
Adenocarcinoma
Canal that connects fetal bladder with the allantois
Urachus
Urachal cysts predisposes to what
Adenocarcinoma of bladder
Hyperemia of the mucosa of the bladder, sometimes with exudate
Cystitis
What bladder condition is associated with cyclophosphamide?
Hemorrhagic cystitis
What bladder condition is associated with adenovirus infection?
Hemorrhagic cystitis
Peculiar pattern of vesical inflammatory reaction, commonly associated with E coli, and occasionally proteus. Result of defects in phagocytic or degradative function of macrophages.
Malakoplakia
Soft, yellow, slightly raised mucosal plaques within the bladder. Microscopy shows macrophages filled with laminated mineralized concretions, called Michaelis-Gutman bodies, mixed with occasional multinucleated giant cells
Malakoplakia
Bladder neoplasm associated with multifocality and recurrence
Transitional cell caricnoma
Risk factors for development of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder
Cigarette smoking
Industrial dye exposure
Cyclophosphamide
Bladder irradiation
Long term use of analgesics
What exposure is bladder SCC associated with?
Schistosoma infection
Genetic mutation associated with low-grade papillary non-invasive carcinoma of the bladder
Gain of function of FGFR-3
Genetic mutations associated with invasive high grade transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder
Loss of function in p53 and RB tumor suppressor genes
Possible gross appearance of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder
Papillary, red, elevated excrescences
Nodular
Small, delicate structure attached to bladder mucosa by a stalk that is benign
Benign or exophytic papilloma
Small, inter-anastomosing cords of cytologically bland looking epithelium with the bladder that gets driven into the lamina propria
Inverted papilloma
Biopsy of the bladder lesion shows cells that may be discohesive with large hypochromatic nuclei showing frank anaplasia. Mitotic figures are present, including atypical ones.
High-grade urothelial cancers
Common causes of stress incontinence
Sphincteric dysfunction
Urethral hypermobility
Radical prostatectomy
Type of urine incontinence associated with increased abdominal pressure
Stress
Common causes of urge incontinence
Detrusor overactivity
Neurologic disorders
Spinal cord injury
Symptoms of urge incontinence
Urgency, frequency, nocturia, and urine leakage before reaching the toilet
Common causes of overflow incontinence
Detrusor failure
Neurologic disorders
Spinal cord injury
Diabetes
Type of urine incontinence associated with frequent small-volume leaks often not associated with activity
Overflow
Common causes of functional incontinence
Mobility impairment
Cognitive impairment
Types of urine incontinence with variable leakage symptoms
Functional
Mixed
Type of urine incontinence with variable causes
Mixed
