Introduction to Infectious Diseases Flashcards
Localization of pus (polys or segmented neutrophils) in a walled off area
Abscess
Infection w/ sudden onset and usually shorter duration
Acute infection
Presence of bacteria in the blood
Bacteremia
Bacteria “just passing through” blood, temporary such as in brushing teeth/bowel movements
Transient bacteremia
Bacteremia w/ multiplication of bacteria and host signs/symptoms
Septicemia (sepsis)
Host harboring a pathogen w/o manifesting symptoms (can transmit)
Carriers (carrier state)
Involvement and spreads b/w layers of subcutaneous tissues
Cellulitis
Long standing infection
Chronic infection
Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Atlanta, GA)
CDC
Population of a body site w/ microorganisms that are not causing disease
Colonization
One benefits but no harm to other
Commensal
Spread of infection to distant sites
Dissemination
Accumulation of fluid in tissues due to increased vascularization (swelling)
Edema
Disease or organism indigenous to a certain geographic area
Endemic
Infection from hosts own flora (peritonitis, UTI, etc.)
Endogenous infection
Disease affecting large number of people in a geographical area
Epidemic
Redness (increased blood flow to area)
Erythema
agent acquired from outside host’s body
Exogenous infection
“Usual”, “normal”, indigenous, frequently found in that body site in healthy individuals
Flora
Chronic inflammation w/ collection (mass) of macrophages, usually forming small nodules
Granuloma
Occurs as a result of medical procedure (urine catheterization, transplant, etc.)
Iatrogenic infection
Ability to penetrate and grow in tissues (may be local or disseminated)
Invasion
Number of cases of a disease
Morbidity
Number of deaths caused by disease
Mortality
Cell/tissue death, usually caused by enzymes or restriction of blood flow
Necrosis
Hospital acquired
Nosocomial
Cause disease only if host is compromised
Opportunistic pathogen
One organism benefits at expense of another (small % of bacteria are parasitic)
Parasite
Capable of causing disease
Pathogen (pathogenic) or virulent
Ingestion by WBC
Phagocytosis
Both benefit
Symbiotic
Ability to cause disease
Virulence
Acquired from contact w/ animals
Zoonotic
What types of behavior by humans cause infectious disease?
Overcrowding, trade practices, travel, domestication of animals, and sexual practices
Old infections w/ new concerns
Tuberculosis, syphilis, Black Plague, influenza, anthrax, small pox
Infectious diseases ____ leading cause of death in the US and were #1 until this year
Third
List “new”infectious diseases
AIDS, Legionnaires Disease, Lyme Disease, Toxic Shock, Ebola, SARS, West Nile, Swine Flu, Hep B, Hep C, Hanta Fever, Resistant and multiresistant (MRSA, VRE, Malaria), and immunocompromised patient infections from normal flora
3 chronic diseases that have been associated w/ infectious disease
Helicobacter pylori, Human Papillmavirus, Hepatitis C
Associated condition w/ Helicobacter pylori
Cause of peptic ulcers
Associated organism/cause of HPV
Cervical cancer, throat cancer
Associated cause of Hep C
Liver carcinoma
Associated cause of West Nile Virus
Poliomyelitis-like paralysis
3 elements involved in the “triad of infectious diseases”
Infectious agent, host, and environment
6 bacterial virulence factors
Toxins, invasiveness, capsules, certain Ags, adherence, and enzymes/hemolysins
A protein liberated by intact organisms, GP and GN bacteria, heat labile, some converted to toxoids (inactive form)
Exotoxins
Lipopolysaccharide liberated by lysing cells (antibiotic alert), primarily GN bacteria, healt stable, produce fever, shock, DIC, no antitoxins are produced against these, inside cell
Endotoxins
1st line of defense in host resistance
Skin
4 host resistance factors
Physical barriers, usual flora space and nutrient competition, cleansing mechanisms, immune defenses
Which organism is able to survive and multiply intracellularly?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Susceptible to infections w/ opportunistic pathogens
Immunodeficient hosts
Immunodeficiency may be due to,,,,list
Genetics, diet (starvation), drugs (steroids, chemo, antibiotics), cancer, disease (AIDS, diabetes), newborn, elderly, or pregnancy
Routes of transmission (list 6)
Air (inhalation), food and water (ingestion), close contact (salivary, skin, sexual), cuts and bites (human vs. animal), anthropods (tick, flea), zoonoses (contact w/ animals)
Areas w/ usual flora that begin at birth
Skin, mouth, upper respiratory tract, intestines, vagina
Areas taht are normally sterile, no usual flora
Blood, CSF, joint fluids, organs, tissues not exposed to outside, upper respiratory tract and genital tract, lower respiratory tract
All organisms can be pathogenic in ____ areas
Sterile
These organisms are considered “usual flora” in certain areas
Commensals
How can you prevent the spread of infectious diseases?
HANDWASHING, vaccines, public health measures (sanitation of food and H2O, animal vector control, education)
