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THEMES > Introduction to immunology > Flashcards

Introduction to immunology Flashcards

1
Q

1st line of defense

A
  • non specific
  • skin, mucous membrane, chemicals
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2
Q

2nd line of defense

A
  • non specific
  • phagocytosis, inteferon, inflammation, complement, fever
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3
Q

3rd line of defense

A
  • specific
  • lymphocytes, antibodies
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4
Q

Neutrophils

A

phagocytosis and resolve inflammation

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5
Q

Eosinophils

A

destroy multicellular parasites and participate in hypersensitivity reactions

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6
Q

Basophils

A

release histamine and other chemicals involved in inflammation

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7
Q

monocytes

A

recognition cells in the IR and mediate all aspects of these responses

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8
Q

B cells

A
  • antibody mediated IR and bind antigens to the B cell’s plasma membrane receptors IgG
  • During activation are transformed to plasma cells which release antibodies
  • Present antigen to T helper cells
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9
Q

NK cells

A

bind directly and non specifically to viral infected and cancer cells and directly kill them

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10
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

Bind to the plasma membrane of viral infected/ cancer cells/ tissue transplant and directly kill them

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11
Q

Helper cells

A

secrete cytokines and activate CTL, B cells, NK cells and macrophages

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12
Q

Macrophages

A
  • Phagocytosis
  • Extracellular killing via release of toxic chemicals
  • Process and present antigen to T helper cells
  • Secrete cytokines involved in inflammation, activation, and differentiation of T helper cells and systemic responses to infection
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13
Q

Monocyte

A

same

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14
Q

5 types of WBC and list them according to abundance

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Lymphocytes
  3. Monocytes
  4. Eosinophils
  5. Basophils
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15
Q

Hct

A

percentage of blood volume that is composed of RBCs

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16
Q

Three anticoagulants

A
  1. EDTA - determination of complete blood counts - contains potassium
  2. Sodium heparin -plasma determination in chemistry
  3. ACD - contains sodium polyanethol sulfonate - HLA phenotyping, parental testing, blood bank
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17
Q

Immunoglobins

A
  • IgG – Main antibody in blood, provides long-term immunity.
  • IgA – Found in mucosal areas (gut, lungs, saliva), protects against pathogens.
  • IgM – First antibody in infections, strong activator of complement.
  • IgE – Involved in allergies and parasite defense.
  • IgD – Role in B cell activation, function not well understood.
18
Q

Platelets morphology

A

biconcvex

19
Q

Function of platelets

A

Haemostasis through adhesion, aggregration and activation

20
Q

Thrombocytopoenia

A

results from low platelet coundnt. Lack of calcium, vitamin K and fibrinogen.

21
Q

RBC morphology

A
  • biconcave. Flexible membrane to allow deformation into any shape
  • 7.8 d. 2 t. 1 c
22
Q

Life span of RBC

A

120, they cannot repair themselves due to lack of nucleus, ER and mtd

23
Q

Function of RBC

A

transport of Hb which carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carbondioxide from the tissues to the lungs

24
Q

Origin of RBC

A

synthesized in the bone marrow through erythropoesis

25
Q

Anemia

A

a decrease in the O2 carrying capacity of blood

26
Q

8 RBC abnormalities

A
  1. Dietary anemia = vit b12 deficiency and iron deficiency
  2. Haemorrhagic
  3. Megaloblastic
  4. Haemolytic
  5. Aplastic
  6. Renal
  7. Hypoxia
  8. Polycythemia
27
Q

function of iron and vitb12

A
  • iron - it is part of the HB which binds oxygen and if it is not there oxygen cannot bind and isnt carried to the tissues (decreases o2carrying capacity)

-vit b12 - involved in the DNA process of erythropoesis. RBCs will be abnormal and will not carry Hb

28
Q

4 WBC abnormalities

A
  1. Leukocytosis - increase in WBC count
  2. Leukopoenia - decrease in WBC count - impairs immune response to infection
  3. Leukaemia - type of blood cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow
  4. Agranulocytosis - severe reduction of granulocytes
29
Q

Role of neutrophils during inflammation

A
  • move out of blood through endothelium capillaries and venules to inflamed areas
  • margination - they tether to the endothelial cells by adhesion molecules, rolling along the vessels
  • diapedesis - squeeze through the endothelial wall to the interstitial fluid and migrate to the site of tissue damage(chemotaxis)

= once at the site = phagocytosis

30
Q

2 functions of cytokines

A

chemoattractants and mediate migration of neutrophils

31
Q

Neutrophils (4)

A
  • 60-70% of WBC, MULTI LOBED
  • inflammation
  • 6 hours in organs and 4-5 in tissue
  • after injury the life span is shortened to a few hours bc then they die after performing their function
32
Q

Eosinophils (4)

A
  • 1-5% of wbc, bilobed
  • first line of defense against parasitic infections
  • do not engulf, attach to parasite by special surface molecules and release hydrolytic ezye=mes and highly reactive forms of oxygen that kill many parasites
  • modulate allergic reactions like asthma
33
Q

where are mast cells more abundant, and their life span?

A

in the skin and GIT

  • long, they are present only in pathological condiditons
34
Q

basophils distribution and life span

A
  • blood, bone marrow
  • short. 1-2 days
35
Q

what makes basophils and mast cells able to erform their function?

A

the basophilic granules in their cytoplasm

36
Q

complement (3)

A
  • a group of 30 proteins that work by attacking microbes directly WITHOUT prior phagocytosis.
  • circulate in the blood in thier inactive form and then activated by an infection or damage. One complement protein activate the other leading to a cascade of steps that activate the complement system and lysis the membrane
  • 5 cp form the MAC which forms pores on the microbs PM causing it to leak. water and salt enter and kill the microbe
37
Q

inteferons

A
  • provide an innate defense against viral infections in a host cell
  • produced by cells in response to an infection. and they bind to plasma receptrs on secreting cells and others whether infected or not
38
Q

are inteferons specific or non

A

non

39
Q

NK cells

A
  • mediate ADCC
  • play a role in early host defense and control viral replication
  • kill target cells by binding to and releasing toxic substances similar to those released by cytotoxic T cells
40
Q
A

THEMES (6 decks)

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