Introduction to Immunology Flashcards
Study of molecules, cells, organs, and systems responsible for the
recognition and disposal of foreign material. (Turgeon)
Study of a host’s reaction when introduced to the body. (Stevens)
Immunology
– Father of Immunology
Louis Pasteur
The process of being protected against foreign antigens
Immunity
Causes infection and induces an immune response
Antigen (Ag)
Produced by lymphoid tissue to “FIGHT AGAINST Foreign Substance
(Ag)”.
Antibody (Ab)
Inhalation of dried powders derived from the crusts of smallpox lesions
Variolation
The phenomenon in which exposure to one agent produces protection
against another agent
Cross immunity
discover Cellular Theory of Immunity through phagocytosis
ELIE METCHNIKOFF
type of immunity that resists infections by normally present body functions and lacks memory
innate or natural immunity
it does not have a physical form, they are just biochemical molecules
that are present in the blood
humural components
One of the most important APR
→ Most tested or measured APR in the laboratory
C-reactive protein
Effective for host against bacterial and fungal infections
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils
Ability to kill parasites
Eosinophils
Ability to kill bacteria
Neutrophils
Important role in acute, systemic and hypersensitivity reactions
Basophils
Largest cell in the peripheral blood
Monocytes
Phagocytose Ag or Antigen and present it to T-helper cells
Dendritic cells
Steps in phagocytosis ICED
Initiation Stage, Chemotaxis, Engulfment, Digestion and Excretion
5 Cardinal Signs of Inflammation
- Rubor
→ Redness - Calor
→ Heat sensation - Dolor
→ Pain - Tumor
→ Swelling - Functio laesa
→ Loss of function
STAGE OF INFLAMMATION wherein mast cells or basophils release histamine to initiate vasoconstriction
or vasodilation depending upon the needs of the situation
vascular response
type of immunity that has specificity for each individual pathogen, Has memory and Results in an increased response upon repeated exposure
adaptive immunity
Overall reaction of body to tissue injury or invasion by an infectious agent
inflammation
stages of inflammation
Vascular response, Cellular response, Resolution and repair
Process of engulfment and digestion of bacteria and other foreign particles by a cell
phagocytosis
→ Affects neutrophil microbicidal action
→ Impaired NADPH oxidase enzyme production
Chronic Granulomatous Disease
Capable of triggering an adaptive immune response.
Immunogens
Substance that stimulates antibody production
Antigens
Ability to stimulate antibody production
Immunogenicity
Ability to react with its corresponding antibodies
Antigenicity
Low molecular weight, has the ability to react with corresponding
antibodies but not able to stimulate antibody production
Haptens
macromolecules capable of triggering an adaptive immune response by inducing the formation of antibodies or sensitized T cells in an immunocompetent host
immunogens
is a substance that stimulates antibody formation and has the
ability to bind to an antibody
Antigen
Part of an antigen (Ag) that react specifically with an antibody (Ab) or T
Lymphocyte receptor.
epitope
Binding of the antigen and antibody is termed as
Formation of antigen – antibody complex
Most immunogenic to least
Proteins > Polysaccharides > Lipids and Nucleic Acids
Ag derived from different individual from the same species
Alloantigen
Ag derived from different species
Heteroantigen
Found in unrelated plants and animals, which cross react with each
other’s antibodies
Heterophile Antigens
Found in blood plasma & many body fluids
* Product of Antigenic stimulation
immunoglobulins
considered as the largest immunoglobulin and is a pentamer that has 5 monomers
immunoglobulin M
second to the largest but has range
▪ can exist in two forms and can be a monomer that is equivalent
to 160,000 daltons or dimer that is equal to 400,000 daltons
immunoglobulin A
Associated with anaphylaxis
immunoglobulin A
antibody shape
Y-shaped
- Function as immunoregulator
- Sensitive to enzymatic degradation
immunoglobulin D
- Reaginic Ab
- Has affinity to basophils and mast cells
- High in allergy and parasite infection
immunoglobulin E
PRIMARY ANTIBODY RESPONSE phases
lag, log, plateau, decline
Ability of a particular antibody to combine with a particular antigen
Specificity
anamnestic immune response also called as
secondary antibody response
Associated with secondary immune response and Smallest immunoglobulin
immunoglobulin G
