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Hydrogeology > Introduction to hydrogeology > Flashcards

Introduction to hydrogeology Flashcards

1
Q

a colorless, transparent, tasteless liquid that forms the seas, lakes, rivers, and rain and is the basis of fluids of all living organisms.

A

water

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2
Q

the global ocean blankets about ___% of earth’s surface at about ___m

A

71%
3500 meter

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3
Q

planet’s total supply of freshwater is ___%

A

2.56%

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4
Q

of the 2.56% of freshwater, at what percentage are glacial caps, groundwater, surface water, soil moisture, and atmosphere?

A

68.75% - glacial caps / ice
30.07% - groundwater
1.18% - surface, soil, and atmosphere waters

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5
Q

groundwater systems typically provide large volume of freshwater on areas with ________, provided that there are ____________

A

abundant precipitation ; permeable materials within the subsurface

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6
Q

materials that have interconnected pores

A

permeable materials

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7
Q

it refers to the interconnectedness of the pores of a material

A

permeability

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8
Q

percent of water classification (fetter)

A

salt water - 97.2%
glacial ice - 2.14%
groundwater - 0.61%
surface water - 0.009%
soil moisture - 0.005%
atmosphere - 0.001%

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9
Q

earths’ freshwater supply is not evenly distributed across landmasses because

A

different rates of precipitation and subsurface geology

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10
Q

in what region of the globe does much of freshwater fall back into

A

equatiorial region

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11
Q

what is the downside of using surface water for domestic, industrial, irrigation, municipal needs

A

it is easily contaminated

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12
Q

how many percent of water evaporated goes back into the ocean

A

75%

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13
Q

how many percent of water evaporated goes into the surface and groundwater

A

25%

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14
Q

t or f: once groundwater gets contaminated, it is irreversible

A

T

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15
Q

considered as the “elixir of life”

A

water

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16
Q

how many liters of water in average does a person need to consume

A

3 liters

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17
Q

hydrology concerned with the study of the _______, _______, ______, and ____ of all waters on earth

A

occurrence, distribution, movement, and chemistry

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18
Q

difference between hydrology, hydrogeology, and geohydrology

A

hydrology - general study of water
hydrogeology - study of water and its relationship with geologic materials and processes
geohydrology - engineering field dealing with subsurface fluid hydrology

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19
Q

dissolved ions within water

A

salts

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20
Q

water varies in term of their

A

salinity

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21
Q

what is earth’s hydrologic cycle

A

a cycle driven by solar energy which describes the cyclic movement and the transfer of water between the ocean, atmosphere and the land.

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22
Q

the amount of electrically charged atoms or dissolved ions in water

A

salinity

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23
Q

low salinity water is called___
high salinity water is called___

A

freshwater ; salt water

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24
Q

t or f: freshwater with zero salinity still conduct electricity

A

F (does not conduct)

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25
Q

t or f: climates and different areas have varying rates of hydrologic cycle

A

T

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26
Q

precipitation that falls on the land surface may be temporarily stored in ____ as ice, snow, puddles

A

depression storage

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27
Q

is the flow of water over the land surface as

A

overland flow

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28
Q

two types of overland flow

A

diffuse sheet (laminar)
concentrated (turbulence)

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29
Q

concentrated flow (turbulent flow) are found in

A

rills or gullies

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30
Q

is the process of seepage of water into the subsurface

A

infiltration

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31
Q

it is known as zone of aeration, the region below the land where soil pores contains air molecule and moisture

A

vadose zone

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32
Q

water stored in vadose zone is called

A

vadose water

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33
Q

the top of the vadose zone is called ___ where the roots of the plant can reach

A

belt of soil water

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34
Q

this term refers to the lateral movement of water in he vadose zone

A

interflow

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35
Q

excess vadose water is pulled downward by the gravity in the process known as

A

gravity drainage

36
Q

t or f: evaporation is restricted only to surface water

A

F

groundwater gets subjected to evaporation of the water table is shallow

groundwater manifest in the surface as springs which can then evaporate

plants

37
Q

three classification of vadose water

A

soil water
intermediate vadose water
capillary water

38
Q

three parts of the vadose zone

A

belt of soil water
intermediate belt
capillary fringe

39
Q

in capillary fringe, water is held in places by:

A

capillary forces

40
Q

also known as phreatic zone

A

zone of saturation

41
Q

groundwater contribution to a stream

42
Q

total flow in a stream

43
Q

are water contained within magmas deep in the crust

A

magmatic water

44
Q

t or f: magmatic water contains solid, liquid, and gas (volatile) components

45
Q

the hydrologic cycle operates in what type of system

A

open system

46
Q

serves as the constant source of energy in hydrologic cyle

47
Q

t or f: when water changes from one phase to another, accompanying change occurs in the heat energy of the water

48
Q

environmental temperatures

A

0-40 degrees celcius

49
Q

at environmental temperatures, the latent heat of vaporization can be calculated by what formula?

A

Hv = 597.3-0.564T

50
Q

it is the energy required for water to turn from liquid to vapor

A

latent heat of vaporization

51
Q

the energy released as water condensates (vapor to liquid)

A

latent heat of condensation

52
Q

it is the heat required to melt 1g of ice at 0 degree celcius

A

latent heat of fusion

53
Q

latent heat of fusion is equal to how many cal of heat

A

79 cal of heat

54
Q

it is a process of turning solid into vapor

A

sublimation

55
Q

energy required for sublimation

A

latent heat of fusion plus latent heat of vaporization

at 0 degrees celcius this is 677 cal/g

56
Q

freezing of water releases _____ and the formation of frost at _____ releases ______

A

79 cal/g ; 0 degrees celsius ; 677 cal/g

57
Q

t or f: the transportation of water through the hydrologic cycle and the accompanying heat transfers are vital to the heat balance of the earth

58
Q

it is the process of rising of water from the zone of saturation to the vadose zone

A

capillary rise

59
Q

it is the process of rising of water from the vadose zone to the land surface

A

vapor movement

60
Q

the process of transfer of water from zone of saturation directly into the ocean

A

subsea outflow / groundwater outflow

61
Q

this process drives water from the ocean to transfer into magmatic water (lithosphere)

A

subduction

62
Q

rising of water from lithosphere into the ocean through

A

seafloor vent

63
Q

water rise from lithosphere to the atmosphere through__

A

rising magmas in a volcano

64
Q

formula for latent heat of vaporization

A

Hv = 597.3 - 0.564T

65
Q

provides a quantitaive means of evaluating the hydrologic cycle

A

hydrologic equation

66
Q

the hydrologic equation is a simple statement of the:

A

law of conservation of mass

67
Q

hydrologic equation

A

inflow = outflow +/- change in storage

68
Q

t or f: the hydrologic equation can only be applied to small hydrologic systems

A

F (hydrologic equation can be applied to small or for an entire continent)

69
Q

t or f: the hydrologic equation is time dependent and the measure of inflow should be the same time period as the measure of outflow

70
Q

the basic unit of surface-water hydrology

A

drainage basin or catchment

71
Q

surface-water boundaries

A

topographic divides

72
Q

what is a drainage basin

A

all land area sloping towards a specific discharge point, it it the basic unit of surface water hydrology

73
Q

t or f: in the philippines, aquifers are 1.5x larger than the watershed

A

False

the lithology in the philippines is complex, therefore this theory isn’t applicable

74
Q

used to describe the hierarchy of streams from the top to the bottom of a catchment

A

strahler stream order

75
Q

in hydrogeology, we utilize the concept of:

A

groundwater basin

76
Q

the subsurface volume through which groundwater flow towards a specific discharge zone

A

groundwater basin

77
Q

groundwater basin is divided by

A

groundwater divides

78
Q

t or f: the boundaries of surface water basin and groundwater basin always coincide

79
Q

t or f: the water budget of an area must take into account both surface and ground waters

80
Q

hydrologic inputs to an area may include

A
  1. precipitation
  2. surface water inflow into the area (runoff, overland)
  3. groundwater inflow from outside the area
  4. artificial input of water through pipes and canals
  5. artificial export of water through pipes and canals
81
Q

the changes in storage necessary to balance the hydrologic equation includes changes in the:

A
  1. surface water in streams, lakes, rivers, and ponds
  2. ice and snow at the surface
  3. temporary depression storage
  4. intercepted water on plant surfaces
  5. soil moisture in the vadose zone
  6. groundwater below the water
82
Q

someone who studies the ways that groundwater movers through the soil and rock of the earth

A

hydrogeologist

83
Q

t or f: water is one of the substances with highest heat capacity

84
Q

Earth rise
Blue marble

A

apollo 8, dec 1968
apollo 17, dec 1972

85
Q

average temperature in the philippines

A

27-28 degree celcius

86
Q

environmental temperatures

A

0-40 degrees celcius

Hydrogeology (13 decks)

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