Introduction to hydrogeology Flashcards
a colorless, transparent, tasteless liquid that forms the seas, lakes, rivers, and rain and is the basis of fluids of all living organisms.
water
the global ocean blankets about ___% of earth’s surface at about ___m
71%
3500 meter
planet’s total supply of freshwater is ___%
2.56%
of the 2.56% of freshwater, at what percentage are glacial caps, groundwater, surface water, soil moisture, and atmosphere?
68.75% - glacial caps / ice
30.07% - groundwater
1.18% - surface, soil, and atmosphere waters
groundwater systems typically provide large volume of freshwater on areas with ________, provided that there are ____________
abundant precipitation ; permeable materials within the subsurface
materials that have interconnected pores
permeable materials
it refers to the interconnectedness of the pores of a material
permeability
percent of water classification (fetter)
salt water - 97.2%
glacial ice - 2.14%
groundwater - 0.61%
surface water - 0.009%
soil moisture - 0.005%
atmosphere - 0.001%
earths’ freshwater supply is not evenly distributed across landmasses because
different rates of precipitation and subsurface geology
in what region of the globe does much of freshwater fall back into
equatiorial region
what is the downside of using surface water for domestic, industrial, irrigation, municipal needs
it is easily contaminated
how many percent of water evaporated goes back into the ocean
75%
how many percent of water evaporated goes into the surface and groundwater
25%
t or f: once groundwater gets contaminated, it is irreversible
T
considered as the “elixir of life”
water
how many liters of water in average does a person need to consume
3 liters
hydrology concerned with the study of the _______, _______, ______, and ____ of all waters on earth
occurrence, distribution, movement, and chemistry
difference between hydrology, hydrogeology, and geohydrology
hydrology - general study of water
hydrogeology - study of water and its relationship with geologic materials and processes
geohydrology - engineering field dealing with subsurface fluid hydrology
dissolved ions within water
salts
water varies in term of their
salinity
what is earth’s hydrologic cycle
a cycle driven by solar energy which describes the cyclic movement and the transfer of water between the ocean, atmosphere and the land.
the amount of electrically charged atoms or dissolved ions in water
salinity
low salinity water is called___
high salinity water is called___
freshwater ; salt water
t or f: freshwater with zero salinity still conduct electricity
F (does not conduct)
t or f: climates and different areas have varying rates of hydrologic cycle
T
precipitation that falls on the land surface may be temporarily stored in ____ as ice, snow, puddles
depression storage
is the flow of water over the land surface as
overland flow
two types of overland flow
diffuse sheet (laminar)
concentrated (turbulence)
concentrated flow (turbulent flow) are found in
rills or gullies
is the process of seepage of water into the subsurface
infiltration
it is known as zone of aeration, the region below the land where soil pores contains air molecule and moisture
vadose zone
water stored in vadose zone is called
vadose water
the top of the vadose zone is called ___ where the roots of the plant can reach
belt of soil water
this term refers to the lateral movement of water in he vadose zone
interflow
excess vadose water is pulled downward by the gravity in the process known as
gravity drainage
t or f: evaporation is restricted only to surface water
F
groundwater gets subjected to evaporation of the water table is shallow
groundwater manifest in the surface as springs which can then evaporate
plants
three classification of vadose water
soil water
intermediate vadose water
capillary water
three parts of the vadose zone
belt of soil water
intermediate belt
capillary fringe
in capillary fringe, water is held in places by:
capillary forces
also known as phreatic zone
zone of saturation
groundwater contribution to a stream
baseflow
total flow in a stream
runoff
are water contained within magmas deep in the crust
magmatic water
t or f: magmatic water contains solid, liquid, and gas (volatile) components
T
the hydrologic cycle operates in what type of system
open system
serves as the constant source of energy in hydrologic cyle
the sun
t or f: when water changes from one phase to another, accompanying change occurs in the heat energy of the water
t
environmental temperatures
0-40 degrees celcius
at environmental temperatures, the latent heat of vaporization can be calculated by what formula?
Hv = 597.3-0.564T
it is the energy required for water to turn from liquid to vapor
latent heat of vaporization
the energy released as water condensates (vapor to liquid)
latent heat of condensation
it is the heat required to melt 1g of ice at 0 degree celcius
latent heat of fusion
latent heat of fusion is equal to how many cal of heat
79 cal of heat
it is a process of turning solid into vapor
sublimation
energy required for sublimation
latent heat of fusion plus latent heat of vaporization
at 0 degrees celcius this is 677 cal/g
freezing of water releases _____ and the formation of frost at _____ releases ______
79 cal/g ; 0 degrees celsius ; 677 cal/g
t or f: the transportation of water through the hydrologic cycle and the accompanying heat transfers are vital to the heat balance of the earth
T
it is the process of rising of water from the zone of saturation to the vadose zone
capillary rise
it is the process of rising of water from the vadose zone to the land surface
vapor movement
the process of transfer of water from zone of saturation directly into the ocean
subsea outflow / groundwater outflow
this process drives water from the ocean to transfer into magmatic water (lithosphere)
subduction
rising of water from lithosphere into the ocean through
seafloor vent
water rise from lithosphere to the atmosphere through__
rising magmas in a volcano
formula for latent heat of vaporization
Hv = 597.3 - 0.564T
provides a quantitaive means of evaluating the hydrologic cycle
hydrologic equation
the hydrologic equation is a simple statement of the:
law of conservation of mass
hydrologic equation
inflow = outflow +/- change in storage
t or f: the hydrologic equation can only be applied to small hydrologic systems
F (hydrologic equation can be applied to small or for an entire continent)
t or f: the hydrologic equation is time dependent and the measure of inflow should be the same time period as the measure of outflow
T
the basic unit of surface-water hydrology
drainage basin or catchment
surface-water boundaries
topographic divides
what is a drainage basin
all land area sloping towards a specific discharge point, it it the basic unit of surface water hydrology
t or f: in the philippines, aquifers are 1.5x larger than the watershed
False
the lithology in the philippines is complex, therefore this theory isn’t applicable
used to describe the hierarchy of streams from the top to the bottom of a catchment
strahler stream order
in hydrogeology, we utilize the concept of:
groundwater basin
the subsurface volume through which groundwater flow towards a specific discharge zone
groundwater basin
groundwater basin is divided by
groundwater divides
t or f: the boundaries of surface water basin and groundwater basin always coincide
F
t or f: the water budget of an area must take into account both surface and ground waters
T
hydrologic inputs to an area may include
- precipitation
- surface water inflow into the area (runoff, overland)
- groundwater inflow from outside the area
- artificial input of water through pipes and canals
- artificial export of water through pipes and canals
the changes in storage necessary to balance the hydrologic equation includes changes in the:
- surface water in streams, lakes, rivers, and ponds
- ice and snow at the surface
- temporary depression storage
- intercepted water on plant surfaces
- soil moisture in the vadose zone
- groundwater below the water
someone who studies the ways that groundwater movers through the soil and rock of the earth
hydrogeologist
t or f: water is one of the substances with highest heat capacity
T
Earth rise
Blue marble
apollo 8, dec 1968
apollo 17, dec 1972
average temperature in the philippines
27-28 degree celcius
environmental temperatures
0-40 degrees celcius
