Groundwater Quality and Contaminants and Groundwater Investigation

Question 1

Water quality is determined by the

Answer 1

dissolved solutes and gases
suspended matter

Question 2

Water quality is a consequence of the

Answer 2

natural physical and chemical state
alterations owing to human activities

Question 3

what does TDS mean?

Answer 3

Total dissolved solids

Question 4

what does TSS mean?

Answer 4

Total suspended solids

Question 5

difference between TDS and TSS

Answer 5

TDS cannot be seen by the naked eye

Question 6

is the total amount of
solids, in milligrams per liter, that remain when a water sample is evaporated to dryness

Answer 6

Total Dissolved Solids

Question 7

unit for TDS

Answer 7

mg/L

Question 8

1000 mg/L in ppm

Answer 8

1000 ppm

Question 9

Classification of water based on TDS

Answer 9

Fresh = 0-1,000
Brackish = 1,000-10,000
Saline = 10,000-100,000
Brine = >100,000

Question 10

it is the most important water quality parameter

Answer 10

TDS

Question 11

t or f: dissolved gases are present in both surface and groundwater

Answer 11

t

Question 12

most common dissolved gases in waters

Answer 12

Oxygen (O)
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Nitrogen (N)
Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)
Methane (CH4)

Question 13

occurs when the environment becomes enriched with nutrients, increasing the amount of plant and algae growth to estuaries and coastal waters

Answer 13

Eutrophication

Question 14

common foreign substances during eutrophication

Answer 14

Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium

Question 15

brown water

Answer 15

sewage

Question 16

black water

Answer 16

septage

Question 17

degradation of water quality
due to human influences

Answer 17

anthropogenic effects

Question 18

Groundwater contamination is
commonly marked by a ______

Answer 18

plume

Question 19

A concentrated form of liquid contaminants

Answer 19

contamination plume

Question 20

release pollutants from discrete conveyances.

Answer 20

Point sources

Question 21

a combination of
pollutants from a large area
rather than from specific
identifiable sources

Answer 21

Nonpoint sources

Question 22

Effects of Pumping

Answer 22

• Accelerates ground water flow to well
• Captures contamination within cone of depression
• May reverse ground water flow
• Can draw contamination up hill
• Will cause saltwater intrusion

Question 23

t or f: freshwater is denser than saltwater

Answer 23

F

Question 24

basis for future monitoring of waters

Answer 24

baseline data

Question 25

Effects of water pollution

Answer 25

-Devastating to people and animals, fish, and birds. -Unsuitable for drinking, recreation, agriculture, and industry. -Destroys water life.

Question 26

Challenges

Question 27

Purpose

Question 28

the act of collecting a portion of material for analytical purposes that accurately represents the material being sampled with respect to stated objectives

Answer 28

sampling

Question 29

Pre sampling preparation

Answer 29

-alertness to representativeness - plan to collect quality-control samples - checklist of equipment - review important information - establish sample sites -equipment calibration -sampling information label - selection of equipment and other apparatus

Question 30

what important information are to be reviewed during pre-sampling preparation?

Answer 30

-maps, schedule, specific water quality parameters - verify classification and water quality standards (DAO 34, DAO 35)

Question 31

what are needed in establishing sampling locations?

Answer 31

-background information - discharge water quality - downstream impacts

Question 32

a base/site map should depict:

Answer 32

-project -sampling locations -major water, land and road characteristics

Question 33

equipment in sampling can include __, _______, _____, and _____

Answer 33

glass, plastic, ceramics, and metals

Question 34

what gloves should be used?

Answer 34

disposable glove (powderless nitrile gloves)

Question 35

Sampling information label

Answer 35

Parameters ___________________ Sample Site ___________________ Place ________________________ Source _______________________ Date of Sampling _______________ Time of Sampling ______________ Field condition _________________ Sampled by ___________________

Question 36

No. of monthly samples for <5000 population

Answer 36

1

Question 37

No. of monthly samples for 5000-100000 population

Answer 37

1 per 5000 population

Question 38

No. of monthly samples for >100000

Answer 38

1 per 10,000 population, plus 10 additional samples

Question 39

Equipment can include

Answer 39

glass, plastics, ceramics, and metals

Question 40

gloves to use

Answer 40

powderless nitrile gloves

Question 41

equipment for turbidity

Answer 41

turbidimeter

Question 42

equipment for pH and temp

Answer 42

pH meter and thermometer

Question 43

equipment for water sampling

Answer 43

rod and cup

Question 44

rain measurement equipment

Answer 44

rain gauge

Question 45

sample size and holding time for BOD

Answer 45

1000 mL ; 6 hrs

Question 46

sample size and holding time for COD

Answer 46

100 mL ; 7 days

Question 47

sample size and holding time for color

Answer 47

500 mL ; 48 hrs

Question 48

sample size and holding time for oil and grease

Answer 48

1000 mL ; 28 days

Question 49

preservation for BOD

Answer 49

Refrigerate, storage at 4 degree Celsius

Question 50

preservation for COD

Answer 50

Analyze immediately; or refrigerate and add H2SO4 (sulfuric acid) to pH<2

Question 51

preservation for color

Answer 51

Refrigerate, storage at 4 degree Celsius

Question 52

preservation for oil and grease

Answer 52

Add HCl or H2SO4 (sulfuric acid) to pH<2; refrigerate

Question 53

significant wastewater parameters

Answer 53

pH Color Total suspended solids Oil and grease Turbidity COD - chemical oxygen demand BOD - biological oxygen demand DO - dissolved oxygen Temperature

Question 54

what to consider when selecting sampling site?

Answer 54

-study objectives - types of data needed - equipment needs - sampling methods - historical information -physical characteristics of area - chemical and biological characteristics of the area (aquatic and terrestrial)

Question 55

physical characteristics of area to be considered when selecting sampling site

Answer 55

-size and shape -land use - tributary and runoff characteristics - geology - point and nonpoint sources of contamination - hydraulic conditions -climate - water depth - fluvial-sediment transport characteristics

Question 56

flowing water sites

Answer 56

- at or near stream-gauging stations - straight reaches with uniform flow and uniform and stable bottom contour where constituents are well mixed along cross-section - far enough above or below confluence of streamflow or point sources of contamination to avoid sampling cross section - upstream reaches from bridges and other structures to avoid contamination - unidirectional flow that does not include eddied - at or near a transect reaches where data are collected and historical data are avilable

Question 57

still-water sites

Answer 57

- use in-situ field measurement to determine vertical and spatial distribution of sampling locations - avoid areas near structures such as harbor, boat ramps, piers, fuel docks, moored houses etc. - select sites with historical data available, if possible

Question 58

examples of still-water

Answer 58

lakes, ponds, reservoirs, marshes, swamps, backwaters

Question 59

groundwater sample sites

Answer 59

-water supply wells - observation wells - monitoring wells

Question 60

wells or piezometers for purpose of collecting hydrologic data

Answer 60

observation wells

Question 61

installed specifically for assessment of physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the aquifer

Answer 61

monitoring wells