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Hydrogeology > Elements of Hydrologic Cycle > Flashcards

Elements of Hydrologic Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

The process by which water changes from liquid to gas or vapor state

A

evaporation

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2
Q

evaporation is the ____ ____ through which water moves from a liquid state back into the water cycle as atmospheric water vapos

A

primary pathway

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3
Q

t or f: hydrologic cycle is an endless cycle

A

t

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4
Q

it is the number of grams of water per cubic meter

A

absolute humidity

(density iyahang unit)

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5
Q

the maximum amount of moisture the air can hold in a given temperature

A

saturation humidity

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6
Q

saturation humidity is ____ proportional to temperature

A

directly

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7
Q

it is the ratio of absolute humidity to saturation humidity for the temperature of the air mass

A

relative humidity

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8
Q

as relative humidity approaches ___%, the process of ____ ceases

A

100% ; evaporation

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9
Q

t or f: as air mass rises into the atmopshere, the temperature decreases, lowering down saturation humidity until it levels off with absolute himidity

A

t

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10
Q

what happens when air mass can no longer hold all of its humidity?

A

water condenses

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11
Q

if the ____ remains constant, the _____ humidity will rise. when it reaches 100%, any further cooling will result in ____.

A

absolute humidity ; relative humidity; condensation

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12
Q

temperature at which condensation will begin

A

dew point

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13
Q

transpiration is

A

water pumping of plants from the ground into the atmopshere

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14
Q

this is the process where growing plants continuously pump water from the ground into the atmosphere

A

transpiration

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15
Q

transpiration transfers water from roots to leaves through

A

osmotic pressure

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16
Q

t or f: dense and large drainage basin have larger amount of transpiration

A

T

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17
Q

opening surface of leaves where air may pass through and enable gas exchange

A

stomata

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18
Q

plants on land have their stomata on the ______ of their leaves

A

underside

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19
Q

floating aquatic plants have stomata on the ______ of their leaves

A

upper surface

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20
Q

amount of transpiration is a function of ____ and ___ of drainage basin

A

density and size

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21
Q

t or f: transpiration is important during growing season

A

t

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22
Q

___ of transpiration takes place during daylight, when _____ is occurring

A

95% ; photosynthesis

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23
Q

transpiration is driven by ____ and ___

A

solar energy and gas exchange

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24
Q

transpiration is limited by

A

availability of soil water

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25
Q

soil-water content becomes so low, surface tension exceeds osmotic pressure causing water to no longer enter the roots

A

wilting point

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26
Q

plants with taproot system extending to the water table

A

phreatophytes

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27
Q

desert plants

A

xerophytes

cacti, succulents

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28
Q

aquatic plants

A

hydrophytes

29
Q

accounts for all the movement of water to the air from sources such as soil, canopy interception, and water bodies

A

evapotranspiration

30
Q

evapotranspiration accounts for all the water movement into the air such as, _____, _____, and ____

A

soil moisture, canopy interception, and water bodies

31
Q

t or f: evapotranspiration is low in an area with coarse soil and have limited soil moisture storage

A

T

32
Q

t or f: small pore spaces in soil is good in preserving soil moisture, therefore resulting in high volume of evapotranspiration

A

t

33
Q

evapotranspiration can be measured directly through a

A

lysimeter

34
Q

lysimeter is set ____

A

outdoors

35
Q

changes in ____ reveal how much of the added water is lost to _____

A

soil-moisture storage ; evapotranspiration

36
Q

formula for evapotranspiration

A

Et = Si + Ir + Pr - Sf - De

Evapotranspiration is equal to the initial soil-water content plus irrigation water added plus precipitation minus the final volume of soil-water content and excess drainage

37
Q

condensation generally requires a surface or nucleus on which to form, what are examples of these nucleus?

A

salts, clay minerals, combustion products,

38
Q

when an air mass with a ______ lower than ____ is cooled without loosing moisture, the _____ will approach 100% as the air approaches the _____ temperature

A

relative humidity ; 100% ; relative humidity ; dew point temperature

39
Q

t or f: when air mass is saturated, condensation may start to occur

A

T

40
Q

process of condensation

A
  1. relative humidity approaches 100%, air mass can no longer hold the moisture
  2. water vapor turns to tiny water droplets and ice crystals
  3. water droplets mix with particulate matter (aerosols)
  4. atmosphere is saturated with moisture, forming clouds
  5. cloud elements collide and coalesce, raindrops begin to form
41
Q

t or f: absence of nuclei may become supersaturated without the formation of raindrops or ice crystal

A

T

42
Q

Parameters needed to initiate precipitation

A
  1. humid air mass must be cooled to dew-point temperature
  2. condensation of freezing nuclei must be present
  3. droplets must coalesce to form raindrops
  4. raindrops must be of sufficient size when they leave the clouds to ensure that they will not totally evaporate before they reach the ground
43
Q

air masses are cooled by a process called ___

A

adiabatic expansion

44
Q

occurs when the air mass rises in the atmosphere and expands owing to the decreasing pressure

A

adiabatic expansion

45
Q

when the air mass reaches a ______ temperature, further lifting and cooling will cause ______ and the ______ is released

A

dew point ; condensation; latent heat of vaporization

46
Q

an open container used to measure rainfall

A

rain gauge

47
Q

t or f: any open container can be used to catch and measure rainfall

A

T

48
Q

t or f: the size of opening has little effect on the catch, except for very small (less than 3cm in diameter) openings

A

t

49
Q

where should you place a rain gauge

A

as close to the ground as possible

open area, away from trees and buildings

on steep slopes, have the orifice opening parallel to the slope

50
Q

rain gauges should be placed as close to the ground as possible to avoid ___

A

wind

51
Q

can be used to measure intensity of precipitation in an area

A

radar

52
Q

if the ______ is of uniform ____, then a simple ____ of the ___ data for each station is plotted

A

rain gauge network; density ; arithmetic average ; point-rainfall

53
Q

rain gauge network over a drainage basin. precipitation amounts are given in ____. Station location are at ____

A

centimeters ; decimal places

54
Q

if the rain gauge network is not uniform, what adjustment should be done?

A

draw precipitation contour map with isohyetal lines

55
Q

what are isohyetal lines?

A

lines of equal rainfall

56
Q

____ are lines of equal rainfall, with a contour interval of ___. The contours are based on simple ____

A

isohyetal lines ; 0.5 cm ; linear interpolation

57
Q

the _____ to adjust non-uniform gauge distribution uses a ____ for each rain gauge.

A

Thiessen Method ; weighing factor

58
Q

construction of thiessen polygons

A
  1. stations are connected with lines
  2. perpendicular bisector of each line are found
  3. bisectors are extended to form polygons around each station
59
Q

t or f: vegetation affects rate of precipitation

A

t

60
Q

creation of micro-climates over small distances or different rates of precipitation on mountains or different geological landforms

A

orographic effect

61
Q

shows the discharge of a river at a single location as a function of time

A

stream hydrographs

62
Q

stream hydrographs are separated into:

A

horton overland flow, baseflow, direct precipitation, and interflow

63
Q

Continuous input of groundwater baseflow allows
streams in many areas to keep flowing at some
minimum level, often called ______. This keeps streams from going dry between precipitation events

A

baseflow conditions

64
Q

amount of time for water to move across the landscape and into channels; will vary
depending on the distance between where the rain
is falling and the particular channel where discharge
is being measured.

A

lag time

65
Q

The upper portion of the drainage system is called the____ while the lower portion is the ____

A

headwaters ; mouth

66
Q

how does water table gradient affect baseflow and streams?

A

if water table gradient is high, more baseflow, higher discharge, and deeper streams

67
Q

typical in humid regions, where groundwater recharges stream

A

gaining stream (effluent streams)

68
Q

typical in arid regions where streams recharge groundwater

A

losing streams (influent streams)

69
Q

t or f: a stream that is gaining during low flow periods can temporarily become a losing stream during flood stage

A

t

Hydrogeology (13 decks)

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