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BTC 3-24 - HF - JC > Introduction To Human Factors > Flashcards

Introduction To Human Factors Flashcards

1
Q

How are humans different from each other?

A

Medical
Physique
Ability
Aptitude
Personality

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2
Q

What are the basic needs of humans in the workplace?

A

Personal aspirations;
Job and career;
Future planning;
Disillusionment;
Conditions of employment;
Positive working environment;
Team membership;
Balance between: Individual ability and workload; Working time and rest periods;
Adequate physical
working conditions;
SHELL

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3
Q

What is learning?

A

Learning is a relatively permanent change in behaviour brought about by an
experience

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4
Q

What is learning?

A

Learning is a change in behaviour, is relatively permanent and brought about by an experience

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5
Q

What are the different learning strategies?

A

surface learning, deep
learning, and strategic learning

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6
Q

What is a serialist strategy?

A

Happy with information given bit by bit, in a neat logical order.
All fits tightly together as part of the same picture.
They don’t like uncertainty in the learning experience.
Cautious about accepting the explanation offered.

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7
Q

What is a holistic Strategy?

A

Wider picture in mind.
Thrive on anecdotes.
Can accept random bits of information, confident that at the end it will all fit together.
Happy with intermediate uncertainty.

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8
Q

Which of the 2 are strategies are best suited to ATC learning?

A

When examining a specific area in great depth, a
serialist approach is probably best; when examining a topic in its overall context, a holistic approach
would probably be more effective. Problem-solving calls for a combination of the approaches.

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9
Q

What is a surface learner?

A

Surface learners simply ‘scrape the surface’ of the
material being studied, without carrying out any deep processing of the material.

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10
Q

What is a Deep learner?

A

Deep learners make a serious attempt to turn other’s ideas
into their personalised knowledge.

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11
Q

What is a strategic learner?

A

Strategic learners consciously set out to achieve the
highest possible grades.

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12
Q

What are the processes for learning?

A

Blooms Cognitive Taxonomy:
Knowledge
Understanding
Application
Analysis
Synthesis
Evaluation

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13
Q

What is Blooms revised Cognitive Taxonomy?

A

Remember
understand
apply
analyse,
evaluate
create

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14
Q

What is communication?

A

Transmission of information & Reception of
information

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15
Q

What is perception?

A

Perception Is the interpretation we put on the information we constantly receive
through our senses: What we see; What we hear; What we smell etc

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16
Q

What is the process of understanding?

A

Input Problem—> Mental Processing—> Solution
^ | \ correct.
| | \
Revise input. Revise mental thinking. \ Solution
^ ^ wrong
| | |
| ———————-Rethink<__________________|

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17
Q

What are the important POINTS of understanding?

A

Three important points:
There must be a problem.
The student may not be able to solve the problem.
The student must make an input.

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18
Q

What are the reasons for automation?

A

Stops idleness;
Routine unskilled task performed consistently;
Does not require indefinite monitoring;
Does not care for opinion and respect.

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19
Q

Reasons against automation?

A

Overreliance on computers.
Decreases staff numbers.
May cause decrease in team participation.
Limited options by programming mistakes.

20
Q

What are ergonomics?

A

Study of man in relation to his working
environment.

21
Q

What do ATCOs do to mitigate equipment failure?

A

Controllers receive annual training in ABnormal &
Emergency Scenarios (ABES), which includes equipment failure.

22
Q

What is situational awareness?

A

In ATC terms, is the ability of a controller to remain constantly aware of the requirements of each A/C.
It is built up by:
Long Term Memory (Expectation)
Short Term Memory (Reality)

23
Q

What types of Information do we receive about a/c?

A

Quantitative & Qualitative

24
Q

What is quantitive information in ATC terms?

A

Flight level, height, speed, heading, location &
manoeuvres – generally expressed digitally & presented on displays.

25
Q

What is qualitative information in ATC terms?

A

Dealing with reliability, validity & trustworthiness –
based on how it is sensed, its frequency of updating, its accuracy, its precision, the kinds of error, failure
or degradation & the means to detect & compensate for such sources of poor quality.

26
Q

How does automation benefit ATC?

A

The gathering, storage, compilation, integration, presentation &
communication of information can be aided by automation which can also provide assistance with
problem solving, predictions & decision making.

27
Q

What are the main goals of automation?

A

To increase safety, capacity & efficiency of the ATC system.

28
Q

What are the advantages of Automation?

A

improved safety, error prevention & increased reliability. To ensure the potential is
realised, human capabilities must be matched to automated aids & mutual adaptation of human &
machine, to take full advantages of the relative strengths of each.

29
Q

What may be impacted negatively by automation?

A

Overhearing; Readback error

30
Q

What is the SHELL Model?

A

It’s a conceptual tool used to analyse the interaction of multiple system
components. The concept (the name being derived from the initial letters of its components, Software,
3
Hardware, Environment, Liveware) was first developed by Edwards in 1972, with a modified diagram to
illustrate the model developed by Hawkins in 1975.

31
Q

What is the aim of the ATM System?

A

What is the aim of the ATM System? A: Provide a Safe, Orderly & Expeditious flow of air traffic

32
Q

Other goals of an ATM system?

A

FUEL CONSERVATION;
NOISE ABATEMENT;
MINIMUM ENVIRONMENTAL
DISTURBANCE;
COST EFFECTIVENESS;
IMPARTIALITY TOWARDS ALL USERS;
GRANTING OF USERS REQUESTS

33
Q

What is the most critical component in the SHELL Model?

A

The human participant, or Liveware

34
Q

What are examples of L to L in the SHELL Model? A:

A

This is the interface between people. In this
interface, we are concerned with leadership, cooperation, teamwork and personality interactions. It
includes programmes like:
Crew Resource Management - (CRM)
ATC equivalent - (TRM)
Line Oriented
Flight Training - (LOFT)
Every aspect of coordination

35
Q

What are examples of S to L in the SHELL Model?

A

Software is the collective term which refers to all the
laws, rules, regulations, orders, standard operating procedures, customs and conventions and the normal
way in which things are done. Increasingly, software also refers to the computer-based programmes
developed to operate the automated systems. Differences in altimeter setting procedures (inches vs
hectoPascals; height of transition altitude

36
Q

What are examples of H to L in the SHELL Model?

A

Hardware is the one most commonly considered
when speaking of human-machine systems: design of seats to fit the sitting characteristics of the human
body, of displays to match the sensory and information processing characteristics of the user

37
Q

What are examples of E to L in the SHELL Model?

A

The Environment interface refers to those
interactions which may be out of the direct control of humans, namely the physical environment -
temperature, weather, etc., but within which aircraft operate.

38
Q

What future developments in ATC should the SHELL model be applied to?

A

Provision of better data to
controller; Replacement of manual functions by automated versions; Automated data handling &
presentation; Automated assistance for cognitive human tasks; Flexible use of airspace; Change from
short-term, tactical interventions to strategic pre-planning.

39
Q

Name 2 advantages of Teams?

A

ncrease in safety by redundancy to detect and remedy individual errors
Increase in efficiency by the organised use of all existing resources, which improves Air Traffic
Management.

40
Q

What are the three key types of team members?

A

DOERS - Who are intent on the job that’s to be done
and give the team its drive and momentum THINKERS - Who have good ideas and reject bad ones
CARERS - Who keep the team together, ease tensions, promote harmony and are sensitive about relationships
within the team.

41
Q

What are team dynamics?

A

The unseen forces that operate in a team between different people or groups.
Team Dynamics can strongly influence how a team reacts, behaves or performs, and the effects of
team dynamics are often very complex.

42
Q

How do you recognise team dynamics?

A

You can recognise team dynamics by looking for the forces that influence team behaviour. These forces might include:
Personality styles
Team Roles
Building layout
Tools and technology
Organisational culture
Processes/methodologies/procedures

43
Q

What are the positive impact of friendship on a Team’s performance?

A

In the first, positive, example, there is a natural force of “inclusion” which results in people being
drawn into productive discussions.

44
Q

What are the negatives of friendship in a team?

A

There is a natural force of “exclusion” which results in communication between groups being stifled.

45
Q

What is causing curtailment of Team Roles?

A

Evolvement of computer-generated assistance in ATC tasks; Many traditional team roles becoming more difficult.

46
Q

What are the 3 essential elements of risk management?

A

Assessment, Evaluation & Treatment

BTC 3-24 - HF - JC (5 decks)

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